{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:52:30Z","timestamp":1792018350413,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antimalarial therapeutic efficacy studies are vital for monitoring drug efficacy in malaria-endemic regions. The WHO recommends genotyping polymorphic markers including\n                    <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                    for distinguishing recrudescences from reinfections. Recently, WHO proposed replacing\n                    <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                    with microsatellites (Poly-\u03b1, PfPK2, TA1). However, suitable combinations with\n                    <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as the performance of different algorithms for classifying recrudescence, have not been systematically assessed. This study investigated various microsatellites alongside\n                    <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    for molecular correction and compared different genotyping algorithms across three sites in Uganda. Microsatellites 313, Poly-\u03b1, and 383 exhibited the highest diversity, while PfPK2 and Poly-\u03b1 revealed elevated multiplicity of infection\u00a0(MOI) across all sites. The 3\/3 match-counting algorithm classified significantly fewer recrudescences than both the \u2265\u20092\/3 and Bayesian algorithms at probability cutoffs of \u2265\u20090.7 and \u2265\u20090.8 (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The\n                    <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/2490 combination identified more recrudescences using the \u2265\u20092\/3 and 3\/3 algorithms in the artemether-lumefantrine (AL) treatment arm, while\n                    <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                    combination classified more cases of recrudescence using the \u2265\u20092\/3 in the dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) arm. Microsatellites PfPK2 and Poly-\u03b1, potentially sensitive to detecting minority clones, are promising replacements for\n                    <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Discrepancies in recrudescence classification between match-counting and Bayesian algorithms highlight the need for standardized PCR correction practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88892-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T08:02:17Z","timestamp":1738742537000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of different genotyping markers and algorithms for distinguishing Plasmodium falciparum recrudescence from reinfection in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Mwesigwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Golumbeanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara L.","family":"Cantoreggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Musinguzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaniter I.","family":"Nankabirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everd Maniple","family":"Bikaitwoha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan N","family":"Kalyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Karamagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Plucinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel L.","family":"Nsobya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Nsanzabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Byakika-Kibwika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"88892_CR1","first-page":"104366","volume":"81","author":"HJ Oladipo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oladipo, H. J. et al. Increasing challenges of malaria control in sub-saharan Africa: Priorities for public health research and policymakers. Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond). 81, 104366 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond)"},{"key":"88892_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. World Malaria Report 2023 (Geneva, World Health Organisation, 2023)."},{"key":"88892_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S279433","volume":"13","author":"MA Shibeshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shibeshi, M. A., Kifle, Z. D. & Atnafie, S. A. Antimalarial drug resistance and novel targets for antimalarial drug discovery. Infect. Drug Resist. 13, 4047\u20134060 (2020).","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"88892_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106870","volume":"241","author":"A Zhong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhong, A., Zhang, H. & Li, J. Insight into molecular diagnosis for antimalarial drug resistance of Plasmodium Falciparum parasites: A review. Acta Trop. 241, 106870 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"88892_CR5","unstructured":"WHO. Global Report on Antimalarial drug Efficacy and drug Resistance 2000\u20132010.Geneva (World Health Organisation, 2010)."},{"key":"88892_CR6","unstructured":"WHO. Report on Antimalarial drug Efficacy, Resistance and Response: 10 Years of Surveillance (2010\u20132019) (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2020)."},{"issue":"5","key":"88892_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1481","volume":"104","author":"MM Plucinski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Plucinski, M. M. et al. Variation in calculating and reporting antimalarial efficacy against Plasmodium Falciparum in Sub-saharan Africa: A systematic review of published reports. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 104 (5), 1820\u20131829 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. 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Robust algorithm for systematic classification of Malaria Late treatment failures as recrudescence or reinfection using microsatellite genotyping. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 (10), 6096\u20136100 (2015).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"88892_CR16","unstructured":"MoH, U. (2020). https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/MIS34\/MIS34.pdf. 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"88892_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03776-1","volume":"20","author":"F Ralinoro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ralinoro, F. et al. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations in three malaria transmission settings in Madagascar. Malar. J. 20 (1), 239 (2021).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"88892_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026247","volume":"17","author":"TJ Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson, T. J. et al. 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Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88892-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88892-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88892-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1738742546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88892-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["88892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-88892-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5405167\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Makerere University School of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (Mak-SOMREC #2021\u2009\u2212\u2009152) and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST #HS2744ES). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations of both Mak-SOMREC and UNCST. The study utilized dried blood spot (DBS) filter papers collected from children aged 6 months to 10 years. Informed assent was obtained from the children, and parental consent was granted for the reuse of their samples in future molecular parasite studies. Parents were fully informed about the study and provided written consent for their child\u2019s participation and the use of their samples.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4375"}}