{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:49:14Z","timestamp":1790394554672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024856","name":"Agricultural Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants, leading to significant economic losses. In 2022, Egypt faced a severe outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) caused by the A\/Africa\/G-IV variant. This study assessed the efficacy of local and imported FMDV vaccines (A Iran-05 lineage) against this new variant using in vitro and in vivo methods. Sera from vaccinated calves showed inadequate cross-protection, with mean r1-values of 0.235 and 0.243 for local and imported vaccines, respectively. Challenge tests indicated low protection levels (20% and 40%) against A\/Africa\/G-IV compared with A\/Iran\/05. Current vaccines were deemed ineffective, prompting a formulation update incorporating the variant. The modified vaccine is now deployed in proactive vaccination efforts to address the evolving FMD outbreak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88906-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T06:16:46Z","timestamp":1738822606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Emergency response for recently isolated Foot and Mouth Disease virus type A Africa in Egypt 2022"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Samy","family":"Abousenna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2202-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba A.","family":"Khafagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal Abd El Moneim","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara E.A.","family":"El Sawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fady Abd El Mohsen","family":"Shasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darwish Mahmoud","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nermeen G.","family":"Shafik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"88906_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-116","volume":"44","author":"SM Jamal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jamal, S. M. & Belsham, G. J. Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future. Vet. Res. 44, 116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1297-9716-44-116 (2013).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"88906_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00381","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00381-20","volume":"11","author":"C Colenutt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colenutt, C. et al. Quantifying the transmission of Foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle via a contaminated environment. mBio 11 (4), e00381\u2013e00320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00381-20 (2020).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"5","key":"88906_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051009","volume":"14","author":"E Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown, E., Nelson, N., Gubbins, S. & Colenutt, C. Airborne Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: a review of past and present perspectives. Viruses 14 (5), 1009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14051009 (2022).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"88906_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00041","volume":"3","author":"C Stenfeldt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stenfeldt, C., Diaz-San Segundo, F., de Los Santos, T., Rodriguez, L. L. & Arzt, J. The pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in pigs. Front. Vet. Sci. 3, 41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2016.00041 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"88906_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.07.024","volume":"223","author":"B Armson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Armson, B. et al. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk samples by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: optimisation and evaluation of a high-throughput screening method with potential for disease surveillance. Vet. Microbiol. 223, 189\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.07.024 (2018).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"88906_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01236.x","volume":"58","author":"J Arzt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arzt, J. et al. The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease II: viral pathways in swine, small ruminants, and wildlife; myotropism, chronic syndromes, and molecular virus-host interactions. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 58 (4), 305\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01236.x (2011).","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"88906_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051077","volume":"14","author":"AI Estevez Garcia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Estevez Garcia, A. I. et al. Outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Burundi, East Africa, in 2016, caused by different serotypes. Viruses 14 (5), 1077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14051077 (2022).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"88906_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2018.02.001","volume":"6","author":"NM Sobhy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sobhy, N. M., Bayoumi, Y. H., Mor, S. K., El-Zahar, H. I. & Goyal, S. M. Outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in Egypt: molecular epidemiology, evolution and cardiac biomarkers prognostic significance. Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med. 6 (1), 22\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2018.02.001 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"88906_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01693-y","volume":"19","author":"AM Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan, A. M. et al. Molecular detection, phylogenetic analysis and genetic diversity of recently isolated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a African topotype, genotype IV. Virol. 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All procedures involving animal use strictly adhered to the guidelines established by the ARC-IACUC. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Committee (ARC-IACUC) approval No ( ARC-CLEVB-21\u201324). The manuscript is considered compliant with bioethical standards in good faith.No anesthesia or euthanasia protocols were employed for the animals involved in this study, as all animal-dependent methodological procedures were categorized as either no or low-pain procedures that can be ethically performed on a conscious and living animal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"4475"}}