{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:39:56Z","timestamp":1784810396537,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88922-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T16:12:51Z","timestamp":1739376771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Urban water supply risks assessment under tropical climate"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shahriar","family":"Shams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabisab Mujawar","family":"Mubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Aqeelah Binti","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Munir Hayet","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amimul","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"88922_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Incorporating the First and Second Addenda (World Health Organization, 2022)."},{"key":"88922_CR2","unstructured":"UN. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. [online] United Nations, pp.36\u201337. Available at: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2020\/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf, Accessed 9 September 2020 (2020)."},{"key":"88922_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2023.101679","volume":"85","author":"HK Anderson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anderson, H. K., Price, H. & Staddon, S. Water poverty in a \u2018Hydro Nation\u2019: Exploring distributional and recognitional water injustice in Scotland. Util. Policy. 85, 101679 (2023).","journal-title":"Utilities Policy"},{"key":"88922_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oskam, M. J., Pavlova, M., Hongoro, C. & Groot, W. Socio-economic inequalities in access to drinking water among inhabitants of informal settlements in South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18(19), 10528 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910528"},{"issue":"6","key":"88922_CR5","first-page":"3700","volume":"13","author":"DM Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed, D. M. & Kranthi, N. Conceptual framework for water poverty. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 13(6), 3700\u20133704 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"88922_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3390\/w10081079","volume":"10","author":"MJ Shalamzari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shalamzari, M. J. & Zhang, W. Assessing water scarcity using the Water Poverty Index (WPI) in Golestan province of Iran. Water 10(8), 1079 (2018).","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"88922_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, J. et al. Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in domestic settings: A global analysis for selected adverse health outcomes. The Lancet 401(10393), 2060\u20132071 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00458-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"88922_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/07900627.2016.1138398","volume":"33","author":"J Buurman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buurman, J., Mens, M. J. & Dahm, R. J. Strategies for urban drought risk management: A comparison of 10 large cities. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 33 (1), 31\u201350 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Water Resour. Dev."},{"key":"88922_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2018.04.001","volume":"29","author":"K Ogasawara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ogasawara, K. & Matsushita, Y. Public health and multiple-phase mortality decline: Evidence from industrializing Japan. Econ. Hum. Biol. 29, 198\u2013210 (2018).","journal-title":"Econ. Hum. Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"88922_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/1081602X.2019.1598460","volume":"24","author":"J Floris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Floris, J. & Staub, K. Water, sanitation and mortality in Swiss towns in the context of urban renewal in the late nineteenth century. Hist. Fam. 24 (2), 249\u2013276 (2019).","journal-title":"History Family"},{"key":"88922_CR11","unstructured":"The Star, Sunday, 31 Jan 2021, Unpredictable weather leads to yellow running water in Brunei, says govt agency, The Star Available from https:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/aseanplus\/aseanplus-news\/2021\/01\/31\/unpredictable-weather-leads-to-yellow-running-water-in-brunei-says-govt-agency#:~:text=BANDAR%20SERI%20BEGAWAN%2C%20Jan%2031%20%28Xinhua%29%3A%20The%20discoloration,caused%20changes%20in%20the%20state%20of%20raw%20water"},{"key":"88922_CR12","unstructured":"WSO | Waterframe | NRW Experts | Water Loss Control Expertise. Available from https:\/\/www.waterframe.com\/project-reference-bdws01"},{"key":"88922_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125266","volume":"291","author":"T Dawood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dawood, T., Elwakil, E., Novoa, H. M. & Delgado, J. F. G. Toward urban sustainability and clean potable water: Prediction of water quality via artificial neural networks. J. Clean. Prod. 291, 125266 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"11","key":"88922_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.3390\/en13112990","volume":"13","author":"K Pietrucha-Urbanik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pietrucha-Urbanik, K., Tch\u00f3rzewska-Cie\u015blak, B. & Eid, M. Water network-failure data assessment. Energies 13 (11), 2990 (2020).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"88922_CR15","unstructured":"World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Water Risk Filter: Understanding Water Risk. Retrieved from https:\/\/water-risk-filter.panda.org\/ (2011)."},{"key":"88922_CR16","unstructured":"Asian Development Bank. (n.d.). Issues and challenges in reducing non-revenue water: Guidance for developing countries. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/issues-and-challenges-reducing-non-revenue-water"},{"key":"88922_CR17","unstructured":"Onifade, A. E., Aina, A. T. & Adewole, R. T. Flooding and its impact on urban water supply in Lagos, Nigeria. Int. J. Urban Stud. 112, 56\u201368 (2023). Retrieved from https:\/\/iukl.edu.my\/rmc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2024\/01\/5_IJIRM-Vol.112-December-2023_Onifade_compressed.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"88922_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4186\/ej.2016.20.3.23","volume":"20","author":"S Shams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shams, S., Ahsan, A., Al-Mamun, A. & Arunkumar, T. Physical risk assessment for urban water supply in a developing country: A case of mega city Dhaka. Eng. J. 20 (3), 23\u201332 (2016).","journal-title":"Eng. J."},{"key":"88922_CR19","unstructured":"Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body. (n.d.). Enhancing Jakarta\u2019s water supply services through GIS and SCADA systems. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thegpsc.org\/sites\/gpsc\/files\/20._drinking_water_supply_jakarta_indonesia.pdf"},{"key":"88922_CR20","unstructured":"Metropolitan Waterworks Authority. Non-revenue water management in Bangkok (2012). Retrieved from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-revenue_water"},{"key":"88922_CR21","unstructured":"Three Phases of Risk Assessment. Risk Management Basics https:\/\/www.vectorsolutions.com\/resources\/blogs\/three-phases-risk-assessment-risk-management-basics\/."},{"key":"88922_CR22","unstructured":"Public Works Department of Brunei. Annual Report on Water Quality and Infrastructure (2020)."},{"key":"88922_CR23","unstructured":"DEPS. Brunei Darussalam Key Indicators 2019. [ebook] Bandar Seri Begawan: Ministry of Finance, p.2. Available at: http:\/\/www.deps.gov.bn\/DEPD%20Documents%20Library\/DOS\/BDKI\/BDKI_2019.pdf [Accessed 20 September 2020] (2019)."},{"key":"88922_CR24","unstructured":"MOD. STRATEGIC PLANNING 2018\u20132023. [ebook] Bandar Seri Begawan: Policy Coordination and Strategic Planning. Available at: STRATEGIC PLANNING 2018\u20132023 BOOK 09062018.pdf (mod.gov.bn [Accessed 19 December 2021]. (2018)"},{"key":"88922_CR25","unstructured":"Murenzi, J. V. Impacts of Urbanization on Kicukiro Water Supply Network and Water Security: Spatio-Temporal Investigation Using Geospatial Models and WaterGEMS (Addis Ababa University, 2020)."},{"issue":"9","key":"88922_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/resources10090089","volume":"10","author":"J \u017bywiec","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u017bywiec, J., Boryczko, K. & Kowalski, D. Analysis of the negative daily temperatures influence on the failure rate of the water supply network. Resources 10 (9), 89 (2021).","journal-title":"Resources"},{"key":"88922_CR27","unstructured":"Kenton, W. What Does the Incidence Rate Measure? [online] Investopedia. Available at: