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This study aimed to optimize fertilizer type and nitrogen (N) application rates to improve soil nutrient availability, moisture retention, and quinoa yield. We examined three fertilizer types: compound fertilizer (NPK), bio-microbial fertilizer (BM), and slow-release fertilizer (SRF), with nitrogen application rates of 90, 120, and 150\u00a0kg ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    , compared to a control group (CK) with no fertilization. Our results revealed that applying 120\u00a0kg ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    of nitrogen with SRF significantly reduced soil bulk density, improved water retention beyond 60\u00a0cm depth, and enhanced water use efficiency by 9.2\u201316.2%, alleviating water stress. In conjunction with BM, this nitrogen application increased soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, and the availability of phosphorus and potassium, especially during the grain-filling stage, promoting quinoa growth. Elevated nitrogen rates (120 and 150\u00a0kg ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) with BM maximized soil urease and sucrase activities, correlating positively with key soil chemical parameters. Additionally, 120\u00a0kg ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    of SRF notably boosted quinoa biomass and yield components. Economic analysis indicated that SRF at 120\u00a0kg ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    nitrogen provided the highest productivity. These results highlight the importance of fertilizer type and nitrogen rates in enhancing soil nutrient status and optimizing water infiltration in high-altitude soils, offering a drought-resistant strategy for quinoa cultivation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89572-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T04:29:21Z","timestamp":1739593761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fertilizer types and nitrogen rates integrated strategy for achieving sustainable quinoa yield and dynamic soil nutrient-water distribution at high altitude"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"89572_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4158","volume":"90","author":"A Vega-G\u00e1lvez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vega-G\u00e1lvez, A. et al. 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