{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:50:32Z","timestamp":1792785032076,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. U1612442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. U1612442"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Project of Basic Research of Guizhou Province","award":["No. ZK[2024]016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZK[2024]016"]}]},{"name":"Project of Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province","award":["No. GCC[2023]045, No. LH[2024]029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. GCC[2023]045, No. LH[2024]029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89728-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T21:37:02Z","timestamp":1739137022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Influence of biochar on the partitioning of iron and arsenic from paddy soil contaminated by acid mine drainage"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chipeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianglan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wansheng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"89728_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138267","volume":"419","author":"S Sengupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sengupta, S., Bhattacharyya, K., Mandal, J., Bhattacharya, P. & Chattopadhyay, A. P. Zinc and iron enrichment of vermicompost can reduce the arsenic load in rice grain: An investigation through pot and field experiments. J. Clean. Prod. 419, 138267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138267 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"89728_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135016","volume":"303","author":"Y Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, Y. et al. Long term application of plant growth-promoting bacterium improved grain weight and reduced arsenic accumulation in rice grain: A comparison of 10 bacteria. Chemosphere 303, 135016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135016 (2022).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.09.016","volume":"40","author":"KS Abdul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdul, K. S. M., Jayasinghe, S. S., Chandana, E. P., Jayasumana, C. & De Silva, P. M. C.. Arsenic and human health effects: A review. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 40, 828\u2013846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2015.09.016 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"89728_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129587","volume":"387","author":"VG Sharmila","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharmila, V. G., Tyagi, V. K., Varjani, S. & Banu, J. R. A review on the lignocellulosic derived biochar-based catalyst in wastewater remediation: Advanced treatment technologies and machine learning tools. Bioresour. Technol. 387, 129587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129587 (2023).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"89728_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137690","volume":"720","author":"XL Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, X. L. & Lu, S. G. Double effects of biochar in affecting the macropore system of paddy soils identified by high-resolution X-ray tomography. Sci. Total Environ. 720, 137690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137690 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"89728_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134674","volume":"301","author":"HL Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, H. L. et al. Effects of the increases in soil pH and pH buffering capacity induced by crop residue biochars on available cd contents in acidic paddy soils. Chemosphere 301, 134674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134674 (2022).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.10.004","volume":"114","author":"AV Vitela-Rodriguez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vitela-Rodriguez, A. V. & Rangel-Mendez, J. R. Arsenic removal by modified activated carbons with iron hydro(oxide) nanoparticles. J. Environ. Manag. 114, 225\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.10.004 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"89728_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126547","volume":"420","author":"LC Dai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dai, L. C. et al. Tuning oxygenated functional groups on biochar for water pollution control: A critical review. J. Hazard. Mater. 420, 126547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126547 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"89728_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132308","volume":"460","author":"MB Soares","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soares, M. B., Duckworth, O. W., St\u00fdblo, M., Cable, P. H. & Alleoni, L. R. F. Pyrolysis temperature and biochar redox activity on arsenic availability and speciation in a sediment. J. Hazard. Mater. 460, 132308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132308 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"89728_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109895","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JECE.2023.109895","volume":"11","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Effect and mechanism of biochar as a support on immobilization of different heavy metals by iron oxides in a multi-contaminated soil. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11, 109895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JECE.2023.109895 (2023b).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"89728_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107484","volume":"168","author":"Y Xing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xing, Y. et al. Rice hull biochar enhances the mobilization and methylation of mercury in a soil under changing redox conditions: Implication for hg risks management in paddy fields. Environ. Int. 168, 107484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107484 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"89728_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.319","volume":"630","author":"N Alozie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alozie, N., Heaney, N. & Lin, C. X. Biochar immobilizes soil-borne arsenic but not cationic metals in the presence of low-molecular-weight organic acids. Sci. Total Environ. 630, 1188\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.319 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"89728_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130203","volume":"443","author":"X Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Iron-modified phosphorus- and silicon-based biochars exhibited various influences on arsenic, cadmium, and lead accumulation in rice and enzyme activities in a paddy soil. J. Hazard. Mater. 443, 130203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130203 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"89728_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/09506608.2018.1473096","volume":"64","author":"SM Shaheen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shaheen, S. M. et al. Wood-based biochar for the removal of potentially toxic elements in water and wastewater: A critical review. Int. Mater. Rev. 64, 216\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09506608.2018.1473096 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"89728_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.087","volume":"647","author":"C Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, C. et al. Effect of sulfur-iron modified biochar on the available cadmium and bacterial community structure in contaminated soils. Sci. Total Environ. 647, 1158\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.087 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"89728_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5238","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b01300","volume":"65","author":"XY Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang, X. Y. et al. Use of Fe-impregnated biochar to efficiently sorb chlorpyrifos, reduce uptake by Allium fistulosum L., and enhance microbial community diversity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 65, 5238\u20135243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b01300 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"89728_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124344","volume":"407","author":"EG Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen, E. G. et al. Iron-modified biochar and water management regime-induced changes in plant growth, enzyme activities, and phytoavailability of arsenic, cadmium and lead in a paddy soil. J. Hazard. Mater. 407, 124344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124344 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"89728_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161597","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2023.161597","volume":"868","author":"LY Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, L. Y. et al. Immobilization of arsenic in different contaminated soils by zero-valent iron-embedded biochar: Effect of soil characteristics and treatment conditions. Sci. Total Environ. 868, 161597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2023.161597 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"89728_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117661","volume":"286","author":"P Kumarathilaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumarathilaka, P., Bundschuh, J., Seneweera, S., Marchuk, A. & Ok, Y. S. Iron modification to silicon-rich biochar and alternative water management to decrease arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L). Environ. Pollut. 286, 117661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117661 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"89728_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125195","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAAP.2022.105542","volume":"396","author":"R Amen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amen, R. et al. A critical review on arsenic removal from water using biochar-based sorbents: The significance of modification and redox reactions. Chem. Eng. J. 396, 125195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAAP.2022.105542 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"89728_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135284","volume":"304","author":"TH Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du, T. H., Bogush, A., Ma\u0161ek, O., Purton, S. & Luiza, C. Campos. Algae, biochar and bacteria for acid mine drainage (AMD) remediation: A review. Chemosphere 304, 135284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135284 (2022).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137089","volume":"311","author":"U Daraz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daraz, U., Li, Y., Ahmad, I., Iqbal, R. & Ditta, A. Remediation technologies for acid mine drainage: Recent trends and future perspectives. Chemosphere 311, 137089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137089 (2023).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.09.095","volume":"220","author":"N Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, N., Xue, X. M., Juhasz, A. L., Chang, Z. Z. & Li, H. B. Biochar increases arsenic release from an anaerobic paddy soil due to enhanced microbial reduction of iron and arsenic. Environ. Pollut. 220, 514\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.09.095 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"89728_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140790","volume":"349","author":"L Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang, L. et al. Reduced arsenic availability in paddy soil through Fe-organic ligand complexation mediated by bamboo biochar. Chemosphere 349, 140790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140790 (2024).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138796","volume":"331","author":"LC Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, L. C., Sun, P., Chen, Y. Y., Li, X. C. & Zheng, X. L. Distinct chromium removal mechanisms by iron-modified biochar under varying pH: Role of iron and chromium speciation. Chemosphere 331, 138796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138796 (2023).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5539\/ep.v2n2p27","volume":"2","author":"CP Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, C. P., Wu, P., Tang, C. Y., Han, Z. W. & Sun, J. Assessment of arsenic distribution in paddy soil and rice plants of a typical karst basin affected by acid mine drainage in southwest China. Environ. Pollut. 2, 27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/ep.v2n2p27 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"89728_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-022-04006-0","volume":"20","author":"CP Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, C. P., Hao, Y. L., Zhang, K. X., Chen, S. & Yang, Z. Y. Effect of biogas slurry and sucrose addition on electrokinetic removal of arsenic from paddy soil. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 703\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13762-022-04006-0 (2023a).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89728_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125696","volume":"340","author":"N Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng, N., Wang, B., Feng, Q., Zhang, X. & Chen, M. Co-adsorption performance and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus onto eupatorium adenophorum biochar in water. Bioresour. Technol. 340, 125696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125696 (2021).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"89728_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2014.10.003","volume":"88","author":"A Meng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meng, A., Zhang, Y., Zhuo, J., Li, Q. & Qin, L. Investigation on pyrolysis and carbonization of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng and tobacco stem. J. Energy Inst. 88, 480\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joei.2014.10.003 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"89728_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2019.0028","volume":"36","author":"LQ Fan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fan, L. Q. et al. Properties of Eupatorium adenophora Spreng (Crofton Weed) biochar produced at different pyrolysis temperatures. Environ. Eng. Sci. 36, 937\u2013946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ees.2019.0028 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"89728_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, F. Z. Study on the influence mechanism of biochar on arsenic migration and transformation in soil-rice system. (Master Thesis) Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.27047\/d.cnki.ggudu.2023.000195 (2023).","DOI":"10.27047\/d.cnki.ggudu.2023.000195"},{"key":"89728_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115276","volume":"403","author":"FN Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, F. N. et al. Biochar application driven change in soil internal forces improves aggregate stability: Based on a two-year field study. Geoderma 403, 115276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115276 (2021).","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"89728_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2007.01.015","volume":"217","author":"TSY Choong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Choong, T. S. Y., Chuah, T. G., Robiah, Y., Koay, G. & Azni, F. L. Arsenic toxicity, health hazards and removal techniques from water: An overview. Desalination 217, 139\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2007.01.015 (2007).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"89728_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133605","volume":"293","author":"S Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. Biogeochemical transformation of sulfur and its effects on arsenic mobility in paddy fields polluted by acid mine drainage. Chemosphere 293, 133605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133605 (2022).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229311030021","volume":"44","author":"ND Ananyeva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ananyeva, N. D., Susyan, E. A. & Gavrilenko, E. G. Determination of the soil microbial biomass carbon using the method of substrate-induced respiration. Eurasian Soil. Sci. 44, 1215\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S1064229311030021 (2011).","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil. Sci."},{"key":"89728_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-014-2158-8","volume":"225","author":"I Hindersmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hindersmann, I. & Mansfeldt, T. Trace element solubility in a multimetal-contaminated soil as affected by redox conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 225, 2158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-014-2158-8 (2014).","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"89728_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.04.016","volume":"260","author":"DJ Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, D. J., Cheng, Y. L., Wong, R. J. & Wang, X. D. Adsorption removal of natural organic matters in waters using biochar. Bioresour. Technol. 260, 413\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.04.016 (2018).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"89728_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cisternas, J., Rodr\u00edguez, C., Serrano, J. & Leiva, E. Study of the key biotic and abiotic parameters influencing ammonium removal from wastewaters by Fe3+-mediated anaerobic ammonium oxidation (feammox). Chemosphere 339, 139463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2023.139463 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2023.139463"},{"key":"89728_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126249","volume":"250","author":"GG Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, G. G., Liu, X. W., Gao, M. L. & Song, Z. G. Effect of Fe\u2013Mn\u2013Ce modified biochar composite on microbial diversity and properties of arsenic-contaminated paddy soils. Chemosphere 250, 126249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126249 (2020).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136386","volume":"710","author":"S Dangeti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dangeti, S. et al. Microbial communities and biogenic Mn-oxides in an on-site biofiltration system for cold Fe-(II)- and mn(II)-rich groundwater treatment. Sci. Total Environ. 710, 136386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136386 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"89728_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2015.12.007","volume":"66","author":"E Revesz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Revesz, E., Fortin, D. & Paktunc, D. Reductive dissolution of arsenical ferrihydrite by bacteria. Appl. Geochem. 66, 129\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2015.12.007 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"89728_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2012.06.006","volume":"62","author":"CH Chia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chia, C. H. et al. Imaging of mineral-enriched biochar by FTIR, Raman and SEM-EDX. Vib. Spectrosc. 62, 248\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vibspec.2012.06.006 (2012).","journal-title":"Vib. Spectrosc."},{"key":"89728_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124964","volume":"286","author":"HT Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng, H. T. et al. Efficient adsorption of cr (VI) from aqueous environments by phosphoric acid activated eucalyptus biochar. J. Clean. Prod. 286, 124964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124964 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"89728_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131810","volume":"286","author":"CL Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, C. L., Song, X., Wang, Y. W., Wang, H. & Ge, S. F. The sorption and short-term immobilization of lead and cadmium by nano-hydroxyapatite\/biochar in aqueous solution and soil. Chemosphere 286, 131810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131810 (2022).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.05.014","volume":"254","author":"C Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, C., Chen, L., Ding, D. & Cai, T. From rice straw to magnetically recoverable nitrogen doped biochar: Efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate for the degradation of metolachlor. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 254, 312\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.05.014 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"89728_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122739","volume":"381","author":"M Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, M., He, F., Hu, D., Bao, C. & Huang, Q. Broadened operating pH range for adsorption\/reduction of aqueous cr(VI) using biochar from directly treated jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) fibers by H3PO4. Chem. Eng. J. 381, 122739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122739 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"89728_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.043","volume":"690","author":"J He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He, J., Xiao, Y., Tang, J., Chen, H. & Sun, H. Persulfate activation with sawdust biochar in aqueous solution by enhanced electron donor-transfer effect. Sci. Total Environ. 690, 768\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.043 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"89728_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1021\/ez5002209","volume":"1","author":"A Kappler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kappler, A. et al. Biochar as an electron shuttle between bacteria and Fe(III) minerals. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 1, 339\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ez5002209 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"89728_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05517","volume":"50","author":"S Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu, S. et al. Biochar facilitated microbial reduction of hematite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 2389\u20132395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b05517 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89728_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2019.03.002","volume":"133","author":"HJ Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan, H. J. et al. Biochar\u2019s role as an electron shuttle for mediating soil N2O emissions. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 133, 94\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soilbio.2019.03.002 (2019).","journal-title":"Soil. Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"89728_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115948","DOI":"10.1016\/J.GEODERMA.2022.115948","volume":"422","author":"XL Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai, X. L. et al. Biogeochemical processes of arsenic transformation and redistribution in contaminated soils: Combined effects of iron, sulfur, and organic matter. Geoderma 422, 115948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.GEODERMA.2022.115948 (2022).","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"89728_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2023.105632","volume":"152","author":"F Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang, F. et al. Effect of ascorbic acid and combination with fulvic acid on the electrokinetic remediation of paddy soil contaminated by arsenic-containing acid mine drainage. Appl. Geochem. 152, 105632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2023.105632 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"89728_CR53","unstructured":"Li, R. Y. et al. Study on the phase transformation of iron oxides in metallurgically contaminated soil under water incubation. Environ. Sci. Technol.. https:\/\/link.cnki.net\/urlid\/42.1245.X.20230803.1707.002 (2023) (in Chinese)."},{"key":"89728_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133866","volume":"469","author":"BL Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei, B. L. et al. Iron-modified biochar effectively mitigates arsenic-cadmium pollution in paddy fields: A meta-analysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 469, 133866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133866 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"89728_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105542","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAAP.2022.105542","volume":"164","author":"S Aktar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aktar, S. et al. Effects of temperature and carrier gas on physicochemical properties of biochar derived from biosolids. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 164, 105542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAAP.2022.105542 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"89728_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100791","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JICS.2022.100791","volume":"99","author":"A Sema","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sema, A. & Bhattacharyya, J. Biochar derived from waste bamboo shoots for the biosorptive removal of ferrous ions from aqueous solution. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 99, 100791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JICS.2022.100791 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Indian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"89728_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.01.031","volume":"152","author":"H Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, H. et al. Cadmium uptake, accumulation, and remobilization in iron plaque and rice tissues at different growth stages. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 152, 91\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.01.031 (2018).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"89728_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114223","volume":"261","author":"LP Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, L. P., Zhang, S. R., Wang, J. & Ding, X. D. Phosphorus retention using iron (II\/III) modified biochar in saline-alkaline soils: Adsorption, column and field tests. Environ. Pollut. 261, 114223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114223 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"89728_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.05.009","volume":"256","author":"J Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. A study of modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the synthesis of ionic ferrofluids. Appl. Surf. Sci. 256, 6977\u20136981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.05.009 (2010).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"89728_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2017.06.012","volume":"40","author":"J Balachandramohan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balachandramohan, J., Anandan, S. & Sivasankar, T. A simple approach for the sonochemical synthesis of Fe3O4-guargum nanocomposite and its catalytic reduction of p-nitroaniline. Ultrason. Sonochem. 40, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2017.06.012 (2018).","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"89728_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2005.12.029","volume":"54","author":"YB Banerjee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Banerjee, Y. B. et al. Preparation of \u03b3-Fe2O3 nanoparticles using DC thermal arc-plasma route, their characterization and magnetic properties. Scr. Mater. 54, 1235\u20131240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2005.12.029 (2006).","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"89728_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qamar, S. A. et al. Alginate-based nano-adsorbent materials-Bioinspired solution to mitigate hazardous environmental pollutants. Chemosphere 288, 132618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132618 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132618"},{"key":"89728_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.102141(","volume":"42","author":"JH Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park, J. H., Wang, J. J. & Seo, D. C. Comparison of catalytic activity for treating recalcitrant organic pollutant in heterogeneous Fenton oxidation with iron-impregnated biochar and activated carbon. J. Water Process. Eng. 42, 102141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.102141( (2021).","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"89728_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131651","volume":"456","author":"JZ Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, J. Z. et al. Extracellular polymeric substances and mineral interfacial reactions control the simultaneous immobilization and reduction of arsenic (as(V)). J. Hazard. Mater. 456, 131651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131651 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"89728_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.07.026","volume":"80","author":"JW Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, J. W., Song, J. Y., Lee, S. M. & Jung, J. H. Application of iron-modified biochar for arsenite removal and toxicity reduction. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 80, 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.07.026 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"89728_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MATERRESBULL.2013.09.015","volume":"49","author":"PK Raul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raul, P. K. et al. Iron oxide hydroxide nanoflower assisted removal of arsenic from water. Mater. Res. Bull. 49, 360\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MATERRESBULL.2013.09.015 (2014).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"89728_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.02.013","volume":"158","author":"SX Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, S. X., Niu, H. Y., Cai, Y. Q., Zhao, X. L. & Shi, Y. L. Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on coprecipitated bimetal oxide magnetic nanomaterials: MnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4. Chem. Eng. J. 158, 599\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2010.02.013 (2010).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"89728_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.05.147","volume":"133","author":"E Iakovleva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iakovleva, E. et al. Modified and unmodified low-cost iron-containing solid wastes as adsorbents for efficient removal of as(III) and as(V) from mine water. J. Clean. Prod. 133, 1095\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.05.147 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"89728_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.4067\/s0717-97072018000103855","volume":"63","author":"T Mahmood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahmood, T., Aslam, M., Naeem, A., Siddique, T. & Din, S. U. Adsorption of as(III) from aqueous solution onto iron impregnated used tea activated carbon: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study. J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 63, 3855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/s0717-97072018000103855 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"89728_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10878","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3023-4","volume":"21","author":"JS Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang, J. S., Kim, Y. S., Park, S. M. & Baek, K. Removal of as(III) and as(V) using iron-rich sludge produced from coal mine drainage treatment plant. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. 21, 10878\u201310889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-014-3023-4 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res."},{"key":"89728_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.02.065","volume":"151","author":"ZN Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. N., Yin, N. Y., Du, H. L., Cai, X. L. & Cui, Y. S. The fate of arsenic adsorbed on iron oxides in the presence of arsenite-oxidizing bacteria. Chemosphere 151, 108\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.02.065 (2016).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"89728_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117794","volume":"242","author":"XL He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He, X. L., Yang, Y. R., Huang, B. S., Wang, Z. H. & Wang, M. X. An overview of characteristic factors of biochar as a soil improvement tool in rice growth-A review. Environ. Res. 242, 117794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117794 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"89728_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132287","volume":"429","author":"HW Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han, H. W. et al. Contaminants in biochar and suggested mitigation measures\u2014a review. Chem. Eng. J. 429, 132287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132287 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-89728-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-89728-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-89728-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T21:37:11Z","timestamp":1739137031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-89728-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["89728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-89728-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4852"}}