{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:51:02Z","timestamp":1792047062400,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90112-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T20:18:46Z","timestamp":1751401126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epidemiology and economic impact of bovine trypanosomosis in Jawi District, Northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mamo","family":"Adane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yechale","family":"Teshome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wudu T.","family":"Jemberu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigatu","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"90112_CR1","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Veterinary Parasitology","author":"A Taylor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taylor, A., Coop, L. & Wall, L. Veterinary Parasitology 3rd edn, 44\u2013102 (Blackwell, 2007).","edition":"3"},{"key":"90112_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"W Gibson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gibson, W. Kinetoplastid biology and disease species concepts for trypanosomes: From morphological to molecular definitions?. BMC 6, 1\u20136 (2003).","journal-title":"BMC"},{"key":"90112_CR3","unstructured":"CFSPH. African Animal Trypanosomosis 1\u20137 (Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University, 2018)."},{"issue":"12","key":"90112_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01383.x","volume":"11","author":"L Morrison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morrison, L., Marcello, L. & McCulloch, R. Antigenic variation in the African trypanosome: Molecular mechanisms and phenotypic complexity. Cell Microbial. 11(12), 1724\u20131734 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell Microbial."},{"key":"90112_CR5","first-page":"23","volume-title":"The Trypanosomes of Mammals: A Zoological Monograph","author":"C Hoare","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hoare, C. The Trypanosomes of Mammals: A Zoological Monograph 23\u201343 (Blackwell, 1972)."},{"issue":"1","key":"90112_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-39","volume":"7","author":"G Cecchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cecchi, G., PaoneFeldmann, M., Vreysen, J. B., Diall, O. & Mattioli, R. C. Assembling a geospatial database of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis for Africa. Parasites Vectors 7(1), 1\u201310 (2014).","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"90112_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"A Meyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meyer, A., Holt, H. R., Selby, R. & Guitian, J. Past and ongoing tsetse and animal trypanosomosis control operations in five African countries: A systematic review. Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, 1\u201329 (2016).","journal-title":"Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"90112_CR8","unstructured":"Langridge, W. P. Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Survey in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 97\u2013103 (Ministry of Overseas Development of British and Ministry of Agriculture of Ethiopia, 1976)."},{"key":"90112_CR9","first-page":"75","volume":"66","author":"G Abebe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abebe, G. Trypanosomosis in Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Biol. Sci. 66, 75\u2013121 (2005).","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"90112_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-521X(98)00086-9","volume":"59","author":"PM Kristjanson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kristjanson, P. M., Swallow, B. M., Rowlands, G. J., Kruska, R. L. & De Leeuw, P. N. Measuring the costs of African animal trypanosomosis, the potential benefits of control and returns to research. Agric. Syst. 59, 79\u201398 (2005).","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"90112_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.003","volume":"225","author":"M Yaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yaro, M., Munyard, K. A., Stear, M. J. & Groth, D. M. Animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) in livestock. Vet. Parasitol. 225, 43\u201352 (2016).","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"90112_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v15i1.67685","volume":"15","author":"G Zeleke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeleke, G. Preliminary survey on tsetse flies and trypanosomosis at grazing fields and villages in and around the Nech Sar National Park. Ethiop. Vet. J. 15(1), 59\u201367 (2011).","journal-title":"Ethiop. Vet. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"90112_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2017.12755","volume":"13","author":"O Semayat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Semayat, O. & Maireg, H. Review on prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Ethiopia. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 13(1), 1\u20136 (2018).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"90112_CR14","first-page":"66","volume":"6","author":"S Dagnachew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dagnachew, S. et al. Bovine and equine trypanosomosis in Northwest Ethiopia: Prevalence, density of vectors and control measures. Parasite Epidemiol. Control 6, 66 (2020).","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"key":"90112_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebisa, G., Beriso, K., Bogale, B., Gizaw, O. & Chala, D. Bovine Trypanosomosis and Its Vectors in Three Selected Districts of Buno Bedele Zone of Oromia Region (Hindawi Veterinary Medicine International, 2020).","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1571947"},{"issue":"5","key":"90112_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"A Gelaye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gelaye, A. & Fesseha, H. Bovine trypanosomiasis in Ethiopia: Epidemiology, diagnosis and its economic impact\u2014A review. Open Access J. Biog. Sci. Res. 2(5), 1\u20138 (2020).","journal-title":"Open Access J. Biog. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"90112_CR17","first-page":"9","volume":"5","author":"F Lejebo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lejebo, F., Balcha, E., Estiphanos, E. & Gehano, G. Bovine trypanosomiasis: Prevalence, vector density and livestock farmers perception on the impact of trypanosomiasis and tsetse control interventions in Arbaminchzuria woreda, Southern Ethiopia. ARC J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 5(4), 9\u201321 (2019).","journal-title":"ARC J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"90112_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"66","author":"D Sheferaw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheferaw, D. et al. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and vector density in a dry season in Gamo-Gofa and Dawuro Zones, Southern Ethiopia. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 66, 1\u201323 (2019).","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"90112_CR19","first-page":"91","volume":"10","author":"T Zekarias","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zekarias, T., Terefe, S. & Lelisa, K. Current trends of bovine trypanosomosis in Ethiopia: A review. Acta Parasitologica Globalis 10(3), 91\u2013102 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica Globalis"},{"issue":"5","key":"90112_CR20","first-page":"97","volume":"6","author":"J Alemu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alemu, J. & Gudina, E. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its associated risk factors in selected Woredas of Gambella Regional State, South West Ethiopia. J. Agric. Crop Res. 6(5), 97\u2013104 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Crop Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"90112_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"G Batu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Batu, G., Abera, Z., Tadesse, A. & Hundera, A. Survey of apparent density of tsetse and other biting flies in Gimbi District, West Wollega, Western Ethiopia. SOJ Vet. Sci. 4(2), 1\u20138 (2018).","journal-title":"SOJ Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"90112_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000503","volume":"9","author":"N Bekele","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bekele, N., Kebede, A. & Mulatu, E. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Didessa Woreda, Oromiya Region of Ethiopia. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 9(1), 1\u20135 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"90112_CR23","first-page":"169","volume":"5","author":"G Kebede","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kebede, G. et al. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, its vector density and distribution in and around Arbaminch, Gamogofa Zone, Ethiopia. Acta Parasitologica Globalis 5(3), 169\u2013176 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica Globalis"},{"key":"90112_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.016","volume":"167","author":"R Abebe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abebe, R., Gute, S. & Simon, I. Bovine trypanosomosis and vector density in Omo-Ghibe Tsetse Belt, South Ethiopia. Acta Tropica 167, 79\u201385 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"90112_CR25","first-page":"39","volume":"9","author":"E Eshetu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eshetu, E., Barata, B. & Butako, B. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factors in Mareka Woreda of Dawuro. J. Parasitol. Vec. Biol. Full. 9, 39\u201346 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Vec. Biol. Full."},{"key":"90112_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000413","volume":"8","author":"D Mekonnen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mekonnen, D., Eshetu, A. & Zeryehun, T. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Dembecha Woreda Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 8, 413 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"90112_CR27","first-page":"506","volume":"15","author":"G Alemu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alemu, G. & Alemneh, T. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Quara District, North-Western Ethiopia. Glob. Vet. 15(5), 506\u2013511 (2015).","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"issue":"1","key":"90112_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"A Shifaw","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shifaw, A., Asaye, M. & Biyazen, H. Epidemiology of non tsetse transmitted trypanosomosis in Cattle, in Amhara Regional State of Bahir Dar Zuria and Fogera District, Ethiopia. J. Anim. Dis. 4(1), 1\u20139 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"90112_CR29","first-page":"164","volume":"6","author":"E Tadesse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tadesse, E., Getaneh, G. & Assaye, M. Prevalence of novine trypanosomiasis in Burie and Womberma Districts of West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Acta Parasitologica Globalis 6(3), 164\u2013173 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica Globalis"},{"key":"90112_CR30","first-page":"833","volume":"4","author":"M Gebreyohannes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gebreyohannes, M. & Legesse, F. Epidemiological study of bovine trypanosomiasis in Woliso Woreda, Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. 4, 833\u2013838 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"90112_CR31","first-page":"41","volume":"16","author":"Y Bishaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bishaw, Y., Temesgen, W., Yideg, N. & Alemu, S. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Wemberma District of West Gojjam Zone, North West, Ethiopia. Vet. J. 16(2), 41\u201348 (2012).","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"90112_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4236\/ojas.2012.24039","volume":"2","author":"A Bizuayehu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bizuayehu, A., Bogale, B., Fentahun, T. & Chanie, M. Bovine trypanosomosis: A threat to cattle production in Chena District, Southwest Ethiopia. Open J. Anim. Sci. 2(4), 287\u2013291 (2012).","journal-title":"Open J. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"90112_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0132-2","volume":"44","author":"G Gechere","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gechere, G., Terefe, G. & Belihu, K. Impact of tsetse and trypanosomiasis control on cattle herd composition and calf growth and mortality at Arbaminch District (Southern Rift Valley, Ethiopia). Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44(3), 1745\u20131750 (2012).","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"90112_CR34","first-page":"66","volume":"6","author":"S Dagnachew","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dagnachew, S., Habtamu, G. & Getachew, A. A cross-sectional study on bovine trypanosomiasis in Jawi district of Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. Vet. J. 6, 66 (2011).","journal-title":"Ethiop. Vet. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"90112_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.11.009","volume":"117","author":"S Mekuria","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mekuria, S. & Gadissa, F. Survey on bovine trypanosomosis and its vector in Metekel and Awi Zones of Northwest Ethiopia. Acta Tropica 117(2), 146\u2013151 (2011).","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"90112_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.028","volume":"168","author":"J Bekele","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bekele, J., Asmare, K., Abebe, G., Ayelet, G. & Gelaye, E. Veterinary parasitology evaluation of deltamethrin applications in the control of tsetse and trypanosomosis in the Southern Rift Valley Areas of Ethiopia. Vet. Parasitol. 168, 3\u20134 (2010).","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"90112_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9632-0","volume":"44","author":"A Tadesse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tadesse, A. & Tsegaye, B. Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44, 1757\u20131762 (2010).","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"90112_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9321-z","volume":"41","author":"N Kebede","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kebede, N. & Animut, A. Trypanosomosis of cattle in selected districts of Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41, 1353\u20131356 (2009).","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"90112_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2004.07.008","volume":"57","author":"D Hunduma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hunduma, D. & Abebe, G. Small ruminants trypanosomiasis in southwest of Ethiopia. Small Rumin. Res. 57, 239\u2013243 (2005).","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"90112_CR40","first-page":"151","volume":"58","author":"S Dagnachew","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dagnachew, S., Sangwan, A. K. & Getachew, A. Epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in the Abay (Blue Nile) basin areas of Northwest Ethiopia. Revue et M\u00e9decineV\u00e9terinarie 58, 151\u2013157 (2005).","journal-title":"Revue et M\u00e9decineV\u00e9terinarie"},{"key":"90112_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-214","volume":"9","author":"Z Seyoum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seyoum, Z., Getachew, T. & Hagos, A. Farmers\u2019 perception of impacts of bovine trypanosomiasis and tsetse fly in selected districts in Baro-Akobo and Gojeb river basins, Southwestern Ethiopia. BMC Vet. Res. 9, 214 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"90112_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9981-3","volume":"44","author":"D Tesfaye","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tesfaye, D., Niko, S., Reginald, D. & Eric, T. Economic burden of bovine trypanosomosis in three villages of Metekel Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44, 873\u2013879 (2012).","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"90112_CR43","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System (Version 3.16.12-Hannover) (QGIS Association, 2021). http:\/\/qgis.org."},{"key":"90112_CR44","unstructured":"Torell, R., Bruce, B., & Kvasnicka, B. & Conley, K. Methods of Determining Age of Cattle (Cattle Producer\u2019s Library, 2003)."},{"key":"90112_CR45","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A Guide to Condition Scoring of Zebu Cattle","author":"MJ Nicholson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nicholson, M. J. & Butterworth, M. H. A Guide to Condition Scoring of Zebu Cattle 1\u20133 (ILCA, 1986)."},{"key":"90112_CR46","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"M Thrusfield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thrusfield, M. Veterinary Epidemiology 2nd edn, 117\u2013198 (Blackwell Science, 2005).","edition":"2"},{"key":"90112_CR47","unstructured":"Arsham, H. Questionnaire design and surveys sampling, 9th edn. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/344638672_Questionnaire_Design_and_Surveys_Sampling (2005)."},{"key":"90112_CR48","unstructured":"FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Training Manual for tsetse Control Personnel (Use of Attractive Devices for Tsetse Survey and Control, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. vol. 4 6\u201358 (1992)."},{"key":"90112_CR49","first-page":"307","volume":"39","author":"J Paris","year":"1982","unstructured":"Paris, J., Murray, M. & McOimba, F. A comparative evaluation of the parasitological techniques currently available for the diagnosis of African animal trypanosomiasis in cattle. Acta Trop. 39, 307\u2013316 (1982).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"90112_CR50","unstructured":"Wennecke, G. Hematocrit\u2014A review of different analytical methods. Hematocrit\u2014A review of different analytical methods (acutecaretesting.org) (2004)."},{"key":"90112_CR51","unstructured":"Putt, M., Shaw, M., Woods, J., Tyler, L., & James, D. Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics in Africa: A Manual for Use in the Design and Appraisal of Livestock Health Policy 81\u2013112 (International Livestock Centre for Africa, 1987)."},{"key":"90112_CR52","first-page":"66","volume":"6","author":"G Goshu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goshu, G. Breeding efficacy, lifetime lactation and calving performance of Friesian\u2013Booran crossbreed cows at cheffa farm. Ethiop. Livest Res. Rural Dev. 6, 66 (2005).","journal-title":"Ethiop. Livest Res. Rural Dev."},{"key":"90112_CR53","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Duncan & Prasse\u2019s Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology","author":"KS Latimer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Latimer, K. S. Duncan & Prasse\u2019s Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology 5th edn, 167 (Wiley, 2011).","edition":"5"},{"key":"90112_CR54","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"EN Kassian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kassian, E. N. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis in Kilwa district, Lindi region of southern Tanzania. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 9, 1\u20135 (2017).","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"90112_CR55","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Z Seyoum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seyoum, Z. & Desta, A. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Chilga District, aldehyde and parasitological tests Northwest Ethiopia. J. Vet. Sci. Med. Diagn. 5(3), 1\u20137 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Med. Diagn."},{"key":"90112_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0134-0","volume":"44","author":"M Taye","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taye, M., Belihu, K., Bekana, M. & Sheferaw, D. Assessment of impacts of tsetse and trypanosomosis control measures on cattle herd composition and performance in Southern Region, Ethiopia. Trop Anim. Health Prod. 44, 1759\u20131763 (2012).","journal-title":"Trop Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"90112_CR57","unstructured":"Karanja, S. M. Epidemiology and Importance of Trypanosomiasis, Helminthosis and Tick-Borne Diseases on the Performance of Cattle in Busia District. Kenya. PhD Thesis 225 (Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 2005)."},{"key":"90112_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-3","volume":"1","author":"D Steverding","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steverding, D. The history of African trypanosomiasis. Parasites Vector 1, 411 (2008).","journal-title":"Parasites Vector"},{"key":"90112_CR59","unstructured":"Radostitis, O. M., Gay, C. C., Hinch, K. W., Cliff, P. D. C. Disease associated with trypanosomes. In Veterinary Medicine, Textbook of Disease of Cattle, Horses, Pigs and Goats10th ed 1531\u20131554 (Elsevier, 2007)."},{"key":"90112_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x","volume":"75","author":"B Namangala","year":"2012","unstructured":"Namangala, B. Contribution of innate immune responses towards resistance to African trypanosome infections. Scand. J. Immunol. 75, 5\u201315 (2012).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"90112_CR61","first-page":"292","volume":"45","author":"MC Ezeani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ezeani, M. C. et al. Immunodiagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis in Anambra and Imo states, Nigeria, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Zoonotic implications to human health. J. Vector Borne Dis. 45, 292\u2013300 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"90112_CR62","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"S Mohammed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammed, S. Review on African animal trypanosomiasis and its control measures. Acad. J. Anim. Dis. 18(1), 1\u201313 (2019).","journal-title":"Acad. J. Anim. Dis."},{"key":"90112_CR63","first-page":"19","volume":"13","author":"F Regassa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Regassa, F. & Abebe, G. Current epidemiological situation of bovine trypanosomosis in Limu Shay tsetse controlled area of upper Didessa valley. Ethiop. Vet. J. 13, 19\u201333 (2009).","journal-title":"Ethiop. Vet. J."},{"key":"90112_CR64","first-page":"1","volume":"66","author":"B Meharenet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meharenet, B., Desta, T., Lelisa, K., Tsegaye, M. & Jula, D. Epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis and vector distribution in Didessa River Basin, Ethiopia. Acta Parasitologica 66, 1\u20137 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"90112_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.03.009","volume":"111","author":"D Grace","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grace, D. et al. Characterisation and validation of farmers\u2019 knowledge and practice of cattle trypanosomosis management in the cotton zone of West Africa. Acta Tropica 111, 137\u2013143 (2009).","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"90112_CR66","unstructured":"FAO. Intervening Against Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Africa: Mapping the Costs and Benefits 1\u2013105 (PAAT Technical and Scientific Series11, Vialedelle Terme di Caracalla, 2017)."},{"key":"90112_CR67","unstructured":"NTTICC (National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Center). Annual Report 29 (Bedelle, 2000)."},{"key":"90112_CR68","unstructured":"FAO. A Field Guide for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of African Animal Trypanosomiasis, 2nd edn 2\u201310 (FAO, 2000)."},{"issue":"7","key":"90112_CR69","first-page":"275","volume":"02","author":"AM Ibrahim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A. M. An overview on the economic impacts of animal trypanosomiasis. GJRA 02(7), 275\u2013276 (2014).","journal-title":"GJRA"},{"key":"90112_CR70","unstructured":"Agyemang, K., Jeannin, P., Grieve, A. S., Bah, M. L., Dwinger, R. H. Milk extraction for human consumption from N\u2019Dama cattle under village management conditions in The Gambia. In Livestock Production in Tsetse Affected Areas of Africa. Proceedings of International Livestock Centre for Africa International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya 231\u2013245 (1988)."},{"key":"90112_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00070-3","volume":"87","author":"J Naessens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Naessens, J., Teale, A. & Sileghem, M. Identification of mechanisms of natural resistance to African trypanosomiasis in cattle. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 87, 187\u2013194 (2002).","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"90112_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.04.021","volume":"181","author":"P Van den Bossche","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van den Bossche, P. & Delespaux, V. Options for the control of tsetse transmitted livestock trypanosomosis: An epidemiological perspective. Vet. Parasitol. 181, 37\u201342 (2011).","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"90112_CR73","unstructured":"Goe, M. R. Animal Traction on Smallholder Farms in the Ethiopian Highlands. Ph.D. Thesis 102 (Cornell University, 1987)."},{"key":"90112_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.02.004","volume":"105","author":"EW Hill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hill, E. W. et al. Understanding bovine trypanosomiasis and trypanotolerance: The promise of functional genomics. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol 105, 247\u2013258 (2005).","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"90112_CR75","first-page":"26","volume":"116","author":"W Temesgen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Temesgen, W., Mourits, M. C. M., Woldehann, T. & Hogeveen, H. Economic impact of foot and mouth disease outbreaks on smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Prev. Vet. Med. 116(1\u20132), 26\u201336 (2014).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90112-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90112-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90112-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T21:05:42Z","timestamp":1751403942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90112-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["90112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-90112-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4687255\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22683"}}