{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T05:30:47Z","timestamp":1740461447304,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funding within the Next Generation EU-MUR PNRR","award":["PE00000007","PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007","PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"OSR-UniSR and Ministero della Salute","award":["COVID-2020-12371617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-2020-12371617"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>We performed a retrospective immunological analysis of the antibody response in serum and in nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) obtained from 46 individuals infected with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 strain during the first COVID-19 wave in Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy), with a 4-month follow-up after the hospital admission. We implemented a comprehensive antibody response in serum and in mucosal samples using assays established in our laboratories. In NPS we evaluated the viral load by real time PCR, presence and kinetics of anti-Spike IgG and IgA by ELISA as well as their anti-Wuhan neutralization activity, showing induction and persistence of anti-viral immunity at the mucosal level. Neutralizing antibodies were measured in serum and NPS using a safe pseudovirus-based assay validated after comparison with a standard neutralization test using live SARS-CoV-2. We evaluated cross-neutralizing antibodies against all the major early variants of concerns (VoC) in sera. Of note, we detected a remarkable reduction of neutralizing activity against BA.1 compared to BA.2 and BA.5 Omicron subvariants, which was confirmed in sera from an analogous cohort of patients at the San Raffaele hospital in Milan, a geographically distant region of Italy, infected with the ancestral virus during the same period of time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90324-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T16:32:40Z","timestamp":1740414760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viral and immune profiles during the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients in Sardinia, Italy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Giulietta","family":"Venturi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Gallinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Fortuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Franca","family":"Pirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Scoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Marsili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuleika","family":"Michelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Amendola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Carocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Dispinseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Borghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Canitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Falce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Zappitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Scarlatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Lixi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Aste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Masala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Baroncelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Negri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"90324_CR1","unstructured":"Bilancio demografico mensile [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: https:\/\/demo.istat.it\/app\/?l=it&a=2020&i=D7B"},{"key":"90324_CR2","unstructured":"Impatto dell\u2019epidemia COVID-19 sulla mortalit\u00e0 totale della popolazione residente periodo Gennaio-Novembre 2020 [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/coronavirus\/pdf\/Rapp_Istat_Iss_gennaio-novembre-2020.pdf"},{"key":"90324_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27615","volume":"94","author":"A Adli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adli, A., Rahimi, M., Khodaie, R., Hashemzaei, N. & Hosseini, S. M. Role of genetic variants and host polymorphisms on COVID-19: From viral entrance mechanisms to immunological reactions. J. Med. Virol. 94, 1846\u20131865 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"90324_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605688","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605688","volume":"11","author":"R Littera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Littera, R. et al. Human leukocyte antigen complex and other immunogenetic and clinical factors influence susceptibility or protection to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of the disease course The Sardinian Experience. Front Immunol. 11, 605688 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255608","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255608","volume":"16","author":"R Littera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Littera, R. et al. Natural killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors trigger differences in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One. 16, e0255608 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"90324_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891147","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.891147","volume":"13","author":"S Mocci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mocci, S. et al. A protective HLA extended haplotype outweighs the major COVID-19 risk factor inherited from neanderthals in the sardinian population. Front. Immunol. 13, 891147 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.15049","volume":"102","author":"FE Bertinetto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bertinetto, F. E. et al. The humoral and cellular response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is influenced by HLA polymorphisms. HLA 102, 301\u2013315 (2023).","journal-title":"HLA"},{"key":"90324_CR8","unstructured":"Eurostat. European Commision (2021) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/ Eurostat Ministero della Salute"},{"key":"90324_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35312-3","volume":"13","author":"A R\u00f6ssler","year":"2022","unstructured":"R\u00f6ssler, A. et al. BA.2 and BA.5 omicron differ immunologically from both BA1 omicron and pre-omicron variants. Nat. Commun. 13, 7701 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"90324_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadj0070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj0070","volume":"382","author":"SH Wilks","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilks, S. H. et al. Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses. Science 382, eadj0070 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"90324_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22958-8","volume":"12","author":"S Dispinseri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dispinseri, S. et al. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic COVID-19 is persistent and critical for survival. Nat. Commun. 12, 2670 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"90324_CR12","unstructured":"Clinical management of COVID-19: Living guideline, 18 August 2023 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2023.2"},{"key":"90324_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc5902","volume":"369","author":"PJM Brouwer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brouwer, P. J. M. et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability. Science 369, 643\u2013650 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"90324_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147953","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1147953","volume":"14","author":"M Borghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Borghi, M. et al. Different configurations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein delivered by integrase-defective lentiviral vectors induce persistent functional immune responses, characterized by distinct immunogenicity profiles. Front. Immunol. 14, 1147953 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750386","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.750386","volume":"12","author":"S Mariotti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mariotti, S. et al. Isolation and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern alpha, beta, gamma and delta by binding conformational epitopes of glycosylated RBD with high potency. Front. Immunol. 12, 750386 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rovere-Querini, P., Tresoldi, C., Conte, C., Ruggeri, A., Ghezzi, S., de Lorenzo, R. et al. Biobanking for COVID-19 research. Panminerva Med. Edizioni Minerva Medica; p. 244\u201352 (2022).","DOI":"10.23736\/S0031-0808.20.04168-3"},{"key":"90324_CR17","unstructured":"2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) real-time rRT-PCR panel primers and probes [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 29]. Available from: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/84525"},{"key":"90324_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124450","volume":"17","author":"G Deiana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deiana, G. et al. Deaths in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients in Italy: The influence of underlying health conditions on lethality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17, 1\u201310 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"90324_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01190-5","volume":"42","author":"S Dispinseri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dispinseri, S. et al. Seasonal betacoronavirus antibodies\u2019 expansion Post-BNT161b2 vaccination associates with reduced SARS-CoV-2 VoC neutralization. J. Clin. Immunol. 42, 448\u2013458 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27063-4","volume":"12","author":"D Lapuente","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lapuente, D. et al. Protective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after heterologous systemic prime-mucosal boost immunization. Nat. Commun. 12, 6871 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"90324_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00531-8","volume":"7","author":"C Agrati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agrati, C. et al. Safety and immune response kinetics of GRAd-COV2 vaccine: Phase 1 clinical trial results. NPJ Vaccines 7, 111 (2022).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"90324_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa658","volume":"223","author":"F Mancini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mancini, F. et al. Multiplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for diagnostic testing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and seasonal influenza viruses: A challenge of the phase 3 pandemic setting. J. Infect. Dis. 223, 765\u2013774 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"90324_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1773324","volume":"9","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Patterns of IgG and IgM antibody response in COVID-19 patients. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 9, 1269\u20131274 (2020).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"90324_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22034-1","volume":"12","author":"J Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces sustained humoral immune responses in convalescent patients following symptomatic COVID-19. Nat. Commun. 12, 1813 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"90324_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00569-w","volume":"15","author":"M Yaugel-Novoa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yaugel-Novoa, M., Bourlet, T. & Paul, S. Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: Guilty or not guilty?. Mucosal Immunol. 15, 1170\u20131180 (2022).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0448","volume":"108","author":"N Assaid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Assaid, N. et al. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies 3 months after COVID-19 onset in moroccan patients. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 108, 145\u2013154 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"90324_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Eabe0240","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe0240","volume":"5","author":"K R\u00f6ltgen","year":"2020","unstructured":"R\u00f6ltgen, K. et al. Defining the features and duration of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with disease severity and outcome. Sci. Immunol. 5, Eabe0240 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.040","volume":"147","author":"C Cervia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cervia, C. et al. Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 147, 545-557.e9 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203803","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1203803","volume":"14","author":"MS Bang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bang, M. S. et al. Evaluation of humoral immune response in relation to COVID-19 severity over 1 year post-infection: Critical cases higher humoral immune response than mild cases. Front. Immunol. 14, 1203803 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105273","volume":"156","author":"SS Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng, S. S. et al. Plaque-neutralizing antibody to BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 in individuals with three doses of BioNTech or CoronaVac vaccines, natural infection and breakthrough infection. J. Clin. Virol. 156, 105273 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"90324_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2206576","volume":"387","author":"NP Hachmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hachmann, N. P. et al. Neutralization escape by SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5. New Engl. J. Med. 387, 86\u201388 (2022).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"90324_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33985-4","volume":"13","author":"D Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, D. et al. Breadth of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and protection induced by a nanoparticle vaccine. Nat. Commun. 13, 6309 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"90324_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00511-0","volume":"15","author":"S Sheikh-Mohamed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheikh-Mohamed, S. et al. Systemic and mucosal IgA responses are variably induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and are associated with protection against subsequent infection. Mucosal. Immunol. 15, 799\u2013808 (2022).","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00200","volume":"4","author":"RE Horton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horton, R. E. & Vidarsson, G. Antibodies and their receptors: Different potential roles in mucosal defense. Front. Immunol. 4, 200 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabe5511","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe5511","volume":"5","author":"B Isho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isho, B. et al. Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients. Sci. Immunol. 5, eabe5511 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976382","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.976382","volume":"13","author":"MW Keuning","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keuning, M. W. et al. Differences in systemic and mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in a prospective cohort of Dutch children. Front. Immunol. 13, 976382 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"90324_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44989-5","volume":"13","author":"EK Roubidoux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roubidoux, E. K. et al. Utility of nasal swabs for assessing mucosal immune responses towards SARS-CoV-2. Sci. Rep. 13, 17820 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"90324_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2185","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2185","volume":"31","author":"L Comber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Comber, L. et al. Alternative clinical specimens for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review. Rev. Med. Virol. 31, e2185 (2021).","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"90324_CR39","first-page":"147","volume":"21","author":"O Puhach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Puhach, O., Meyer, B. & Eckerle, I. SARS-CoV-2 viral load and shedding kinetics. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 147\u2013161 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"90324_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2021.11.006","volume":"54","author":"P Boan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boan, P., Jardine, A. & Pryce, T. M. Clinical associations of SARS-CoV-2 viral load using the first WHO International Standard for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Pathology 54, 344\u2013350 (2022).","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"90324_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.580","volume":"10","author":"O Dadras","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dadras, O. et al. The relationship between COVID-19 viral load and disease severity: A systematic review. Immun. Inflamm. Dis. 10, e580 (2022).","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"90324_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","volume":"323","author":"G Grasselli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grasselli, G. et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA \u2013 J. Am. Med. Assoc. 323, 1574\u20131581 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA \u2013 J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"90324_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.11.012","volume":"14","author":"L Guglielmetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guglielmetti, L. et al. Severe COVID-19 pneumonia in Piacenza, Italy \u2014 A cohort study of the first pandemic wave. J. Infect. Public Health. 14, 263\u2013270 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health."},{"key":"90324_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA \u2013 J. Am. Med. Assoc. 323, 1061\u20131069 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA \u2013 J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"90324_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","volume":"323","author":"S Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson, S. et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA \u2013 J. Am. Med. Assoc. 323, 2052\u20132059 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA \u2013 J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"90324_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500","volume":"382","author":"PK Bhatraju","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatraju, P. K. et al. Covid-19 in critically Ill patients in the Seattle Region \u2014 case series. New Engl. J. Med. 382, 2012\u20132022 (2020).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"90324_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039849","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039849","volume":"10","author":"FS Vahidy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vahidy, F. S. et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Analysis of a COVID-19 observational registry for a diverse US metropolitan population. BMJ Open 10, e039849 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"90324_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2011686","volume":"382","author":"EG Price-Haywood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Price-Haywood, E. G., Burton, J., Fort, D. & Seoane, L. Hospitalization and mortality among black patients and white patients with Covid-19. New Engl. J. Med. 382, 2534\u20132543 (2020).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"90324_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47124-6","volume":"13","author":"M Rubens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rubens, M. et al. Racial difference in mortality among COVID-19 hospitalizations in California. Sci. Rep. 13, 21378 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"90324_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-4-9","volume":"4","author":"M Lin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lin, M. et al. Association of HLA class I with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. BMC Med. Genet. 4, 9 (2003).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genet."},{"key":"90324_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272867","volume":"17","author":"L Vig\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vig\u00f3n, L. et al. Association between HLA-C alleles and COVID-19 severity in a pilot study with a Spanish Mediterranean Caucasian cohort. PLoS One 17, e0272867 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"90324_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001115R","volume":"34","author":"M Debnath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Debnath, M., Banerjee, M. & Berk, M. Genetic gateways to COVID-19 infection: Implications for risk, severity, and outcomes. FASEB J. 34, 8787\u20138795 (2020).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"90324_CR53","unstructured":"EPIDEMIA COVID-19. Aggiornamento nazionale (appendice): 23 giugno 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/coronavirus\/bollettino\/Bolletino-sorveglianza-integrata-COVID-19_23-giugno-2020_appendix.pdf"},{"key":"90324_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00153","volume":"8","author":"MV Puci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puci, M. V. et al. COVID-19 Trend estimation in the elderly Italian Region of Sardinia. Front. Public Health 8, 153 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90324-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90324-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90324-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T16:47:15Z","timestamp":1740415635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90324-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["90324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-90324-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The subjects belonged to the Ospedale SS Trinit\u00e0. The observational and retrospective study \u201cCOVID-IMM: Analisi della risposta IMMunologica nei sieri di pazienti COVID-19\u201d has been approved by the ATS Sardegna Ethics Review Board (protocol 260\/2020). COVID-19 Patients characterization, Biobank, Treatment response and Outcome Predictor [COVID-BioB], EC protocol number 34\/int\/2020, clinicalTrials.gov NCT04318366.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"6660"}}