{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T23:29:41Z","timestamp":1785194981788,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused mainly by\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), is still an important public health problem in countries such as Brazil and India. Here, we estimate key epidemiological parameters in the Prata Village, a unique, hyper-endemic, former leprosy colony isolated in the Brazilian Amazon. This is a population-based study in which the entire Prata Village population has been enrolled. Clinical, socioeconomic, and demographic data were obtained and validated by cross-checking using three independent information sources. Validated data was used for descriptive epidemiological analysis. From a total of 2,005 inhabitants by the time of the enrollment, 1,084 (56.2%) were born in the Village and, therefore, likely under lifelong exposure to leprosy cases. We observed differences between the sub-populations born and not born in the village in the cumulative prevalence of leprosy (5.9% vs. 22.9%, respectively) and the median age at diagnosis (15 years vs. 28 years, respectively). In contrast, there was no difference in the distribution of cases between males and females. Although extrapolating our findings to more open populations must be done carefully, we believe we used a unique population as a model to provide additional insights into the epidemiology of leprosy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90399-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T14:14:33Z","timestamp":1739974473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Insights into leprosy epidemiology from an isolated population located in the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ciane Cristina","family":"de Oliveira Mackert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Panissa","family":"L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Olandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena Regina Salom\u00e9","family":"D\u2019Espindula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa Mayra","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila Verchai Uaska","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Saraiva","family":"de Andrade Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geison","family":"Cambri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia Brasil","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"Schurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Alca\u00efs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo T\u00e1vora","family":"Mira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"90399_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britton, W. J. & Lockwood, D. N. J.  Leprosy Lancet  363, 1209\u20131219  (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7"},{"key":"90399_CR2","first-page":"255","volume":"34","author":"DS Ridley","year":"1966","unstructured":"Ridley, D. S. & Jopling, W. H. Classification of Leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int. J. Lepr. 34, 255\u2013272 (1966).","journal-title":"Int. J. Lepr."},{"key":"90399_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2023: Elimination of leprosy disease is possible\u2014time to act! [Internet].  https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-wer9937-501-521 (2024)."},{"key":"90399_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Leprosy (World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, 2018)."},{"key":"90399_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-59702003000400015","volume":"10","author":"L Rosa Maciel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rosa Maciel, L., Oliveira, M. L. W. del, Gallo, R. & Damasco, M. E. N. Memories and history of Hansen\u2019s disease in Brazil told by witnesses (1960-2000). Hist\u00f3ri. Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade Manguinhos.  10, 308\u2013336 (2003).","journal-title":"Hist\u00f3ri. Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade Manguinhos."},{"issue":"10","key":"90399_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1086\/652007","volume":"201","author":"FP L\u00e1zaro","year":"2010","unstructured":"L\u00e1zaro, F. P. et al. A major gene controls leprosy susceptibility in a hyperendemic isolated population from north of Brazil. J. Infect. Dis. 201(10), 1598\u20131605 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"90399_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massone, C. & Nunzi, E. Pathogenesis of leprosy. In Leprosy and Buruli Ulcer\u2013A Practical Guide, vol. 2  (eds.  Nunzi, E. et al.)    1\u2013570  (Springer, 2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89704-8_5"},{"issue":"2","key":"90399_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142450","volume":"89","author":"JC Last\u00f3ria","year":"2014","unstructured":"Last\u00f3ria, J. C., de Abreu, M. A. M. M. & Leprosy Review of the epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic aspects\u2014part 1. Bras. Dermatol. 89(2), 205\u2013218 (2014).","journal-title":"Bras. Dermatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"90399_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150501","volume":"21","author":"R Sharma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharma, R. et al. Zoonotic leprosy in the southeastern United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21(12), 2127\u20132134 (2015).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"90399_CR10","unstructured":"Lockwood, D. N. J. & Suneetha, S. Leprosy: Too Complex a Disease for a Simple Elimination Paradigm,  vol. 83 (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2005)."},{"key":"90399_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological record. Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2022: new paradigm\u2014control to elimination [Internet]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-wer9837-409-430 (2023)."},{"issue":"1","key":"90399_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2015.11.001","volume":"34","author":"PAM Schreuder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schreuder, P. A. M., Noto, S. & Richardus, J. H. Epidemiologic trends of leprosy for the 21st century. Clin. Dermatol. 34(1), 24\u201331 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"90399_CR13","first-page":"355","volume":"4","author":"LM Bechelli","year":"1936","unstructured":"Bechelli, L. M. O tempo de incuba\u00e7\u00e3o da lepra. Rev. Bras. Leprol. 4, 355\u2013360 (1936).","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Leprol."},{"issue":"1","key":"90399_CR14","first-page":"29","volume":"55","author":"K Prasad","year":"1967","unstructured":"Prasad, K. & Ali, P. Incubation period of Leprosy. Indian J. Med. Res. 55(1), 29\u201342 (1967).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"90399_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036245","volume":"4","author":"PEM Fine","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fine, P. E. M. Leprosy: the epidemiology of a slow bacterium. Epidemiol. Rev. 4, 161\u2013188 (1982).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"90399_CR16","first-page":"551","volume":"59","author":"MFR Waters","year":"1978","unstructured":"Waters, M. F. R., Bin, B., Isa, H. J., Rees, R. J. W. & McDougall, A. C. Experimental lepromatous leprosy in the white-handed gibbon (Hylobatus Lar): successful inoculation with leprosy bacilli of human origin. Br. J. Exp. Path 59, 551 (1978).","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Path"},{"issue":"9","key":"90399_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00017-10","volume":"48","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suzuki, K. et al. Infection during infancy and long incubation period of leprosy suggested in a case of a chimpanzee used for medical research. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(9), 3432\u20133434 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"90399_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"73","author":"SK Noordeen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Noordeen, S. K. Elimination of leprosy as a public health problem: progress and prospects*. Bull. World Health Organ. 73(1), 1\u20136 (1995).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"90399_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajani, A. J. et al. Half a century in hiding: a unique case of Tuberculoid Leprosy with an unprecedented incubation period. Am. J. Med. Case Rep.  25, 7 (2024).","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.942048"},{"issue":"1","key":"90399_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.77.1.48","volume":"77","author":"MI Bakker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bakker, M. I. et al. Risk factors for developing leprosy\u2014a population-based cohort study in Indonesia. Lepr. Rev. 77(1), 48\u201361 (2006).","journal-title":"Lepr. Rev."},{"key":"90399_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pescarini, J. M. et al. Socioeconomic risk markers of leprosy in high-burden countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. 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Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90399-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90399-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90399-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T14:14:38Z","timestamp":1739974478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-90399-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["90399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-90399-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5277338\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6103"}}