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This study proposes a method for three-dimensional quantification of MD and evaluates its accuracy and reliability. A 3D lattice phantom was designed and measured with two sequences (VIBE and SPACE) and two implants (crown-supported-dental-implant and stainless-steel-bracket). Automated detection of displacement of 9360 crossing points caused by MD was performed. Distortion-quantification accuracy was improved by correcting for noise-induced error (NE), related to different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), and implant-related signal loss and pile-up artifact volumes (SLPUA). The method\u2019s accuracy was validated against computed tomography. Results showed high reliability, with an excellent intraclass correlation coefficient (\u2265\u20090.99) and low mean residual errors in all directions (2.6%\/1.6%\/1.8% of voxel size in X\/Y\/Z direction). SNR\/SLPUA volumes were significant confounders (p-value\u2009\u2264\u20090.001) when comparing different sequences\/implants, but corrections significantly reduced their impacts (p-value\u2009\u2264\u20090.001). This method enables accurate 3D MD quantification and fair comparison across different sequences\/implants. By optimizing MRI protocols for MD minimization and defining implant-specific MD profiles for patient data correction, it may help improve spatial accuracy in MRI-guided treatments in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90645-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T12:27:27Z","timestamp":1740745647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["3D quantification of metal-induced geometric distortions in MRI"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali C.","family":"\u00d6zen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Juerchott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Breckwoldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Jesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik F.","family":"Vollherbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bendszus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Heiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Hilgenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"90645_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.7364","volume":"197","author":"BA Hargreaves","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hargreaves, B. 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