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This study presents a new perspective on the mesoporous silica (SBA-16) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) obtained from rice husk ash as substrates for Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> nanoparticles (NPs) to investigate their morphological and Fenton catalytic characteristics towards degradation of synthetic acid blue 40 dye (AB40). The adsorption and Fenton catalytic properties of AB40 dye by the prepared Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/SBA-16 and Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/rGO catalysts were examined. The successful synthesis of such catalysts was affirmed by the results obtained from FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR, XRD and nitrogen adsorption measurements. The adsorption of AB40 dye followed the Langmuir model, with maximum adsorption capacities of 169.2, 21.1 and 16.6\u00a0mg\/g for Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, for Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/SBA-16 and Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/rGO, respectively. This result was explained based on their specific surface areas. The decolorization efficiency was estimated through several factors, including initial dye concentration, pH and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentration. The results disclosed that a catalyst dose\u2009=\u20091\u00a0g\/L, initial dye concentration\u2009=\u200950\u00a0mg\/L, pH\u2009=\u20093 and [H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>]\u2009=\u200915\u00a0mmol\/L are the optimum conditions for full decolorization of AB40 within 60\u00a0min at 35\u00a0\u00b0C. The prepared Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> NPs exhibited a superior Fenton activity at 25\u00a0\u00b0C and pH 3. However, both composites increased Fenton performance above 25\u00a0\u00b0C, indicating that SBA-16 and rGO substrates can enhance the stability of Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> to generate a higher amount of hydroxyl radicals. Regeneration results disclosed that the obtained Fenton-like catalysts revealed notably high catalytic efficiency (&gt;\u200995%) and stability, with minimal decrease in activity observed after running four cycles of AB40 dye degradation at pH 3 and 35\u00a0\u00b0C. Thus, this study demonstrated that both SBA-16 and rGO substrates obtained from rice husk ash improved the reusability and stability of Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> catalysts in wastewater treatment using heterogeneous Fenton reactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91382-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T05:58:44Z","timestamp":1741931924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acid blue 40 dye decolorization using magnetite nanoparticles with reduced graphene oxide and mesoporous silica as Fenton catalysts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6522-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nady","family":"Fathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadiga","family":"Abas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Shouman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"91382_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2015.12.016","volume":"4","author":"N Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, N., Zheng, T., Zhang, G. & Wang, P. 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