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Here, we leverage the power of whole genome sequencing (WGS) to screen AmpC- and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    from 77 composite samples obtained from 10 wastewater treatment plants across Finland. We found a high abundance of multidrug-resistant AmpC\/ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and significant differences in the diversity of AMR genes between the sampled cities. The\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    analysis of 73 short-read genome sequences shows the clonally diverse isolates consisting of 30 sequence types (STs), including the globally distributed pandemic ST131 clone. The CTX-M ESBL genes were detected in 86.3% (63\/73) of the isolates concurrently with the blaTEM-1 (31.5%, 23\/73) and blaOXA-1 (9.6%, 7\/73) genes. The most prevalent ESBL genes were blaCTX-M-15 (46.6%, 34\/73), blaCTX-M-27 (16.4%, 12\/73), blaCTX-M-14 (4.1%, 3\/73), and blaCTX-M-55 (4.1%, 3\/73). Two isolates harboured the carbapenemase resistance gene, blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1, respectively. In addition, WGS predicted phenotypic resistance against aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, cephalosporins, quinolones, sulfonamides, carbapenems, and polymyxins. The diversity of antibiotic- and stress-resistance genes correlated with the clinical incidence reported in the Finnish AMR report. Core-genome MLST revealed two wastewater genomic clusters but no genomic clusters among human and wastewater ST131 isolates. Our findings suggest the circulation of distinct clonal lineages of AmpC\/ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    across Finland, with variations in AMR gene diversity and abundance by wellbeing service county. Also, our findings underscore the fact that wastewater surveillance could be key to population-level monitoring of AmpC\/ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and can serve as complementary data to guide public health decisions. We propose longitudinal WGS-based epidemiology as an economically feasible approach for global AMR surveillance, pathogen evolution, and prediction of AMR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91516-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T01:57:24Z","timestamp":1740967044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Wastewater based genomic surveillance key to population level monitoring of AmpC\/ESBL producing Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ahmad Ibrahim","family":"Al-Mustapha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananda","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riikka","family":"Laukkanen-Ninios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsi-Maarit","family":"Lehto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Oikarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anssi","family":"Lipponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarja","family":"Pitk\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamari","family":"Heikinheimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"WastPan Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viivi","family":"Heljanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venla","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Kurittu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad I.","family":"Al-Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"Hokaj\u00e4rvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anniina","family":"Sarekoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksi","family":"Kolehmainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"L\u00e4nsivaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafiqul","family":"Hyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erja","family":"Janhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soile","family":"Blomqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kati","family":"R\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carita","family":"Savolainen-Kopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teemu","family":"M\u00f6tt\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskari","family":"Luomala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aapo","family":"Juutinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"91516_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\u00a0Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance. 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