{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T20:38:31Z","timestamp":1778186311781,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25MH087217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH087217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HL145580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL145580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91794-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T06:21:58Z","timestamp":1740637318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Racism-related stress, health outcomes, substance use, and PrEP attitudes among Asian sexual minority men"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lauren L.","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trace","family":"Kershaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raul U.","family":"Hernandez-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Raquel","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"91794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.51.1.103","volume":"51","author":"CTH Liang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liang, C. T. H., Li, L. C. & Kim, B. S. K. The Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. J. Couns. Psychol. 51, 103\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.51.1.103 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"91794_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/107319111039249","volume":"19","author":"MJ Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller, M. J., Kim, J., Chen, G. A. & Alvarez, A. N. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the Asian American Racism-related stress inventory. Assessment 19, 53\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319111039249 (2012).","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"91794_CR3","unstructured":"Ruiz, N. G., Im, C., and Tian, Z. 3. Asian Americans and the \u2018model minority\u2019 stereotype. Pew Research Center (2023). https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2023\/11\/30\/asian-americans-and-the-model-minority-stereotype\/"},{"key":"91794_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2023.307256","volume":"113","author":"Y Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Yoshihama, M., Hong, J. S. & Jia, F. Substance use among Asian American adults in 2016\u20132020: A difference-in-difference analysis of a national survey on drug use and health data. Am. J. Public Health 113, 671\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2023.307256 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"91794_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06264-5","volume":"35","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, D., Gee, G. C., Bahiru, E., Yang, E. H. & Hsu, J. J. Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders in COVID-19: emerging disparities amid discrimination. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 35, 3685\u20133688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-020-06264-5 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"91794_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.952069","volume":"11","author":"S Criss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Criss, S. et al. Solidarity and strife after the Atlanta spa shootings: a mixed methods study characterizing Twitter discussions by qualitative analysis and machine learning. Front. Public Health 11, 952069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.952069 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"91794_CR7","unstructured":"De Witte, M. A long history of insecurity, fear, vulnerability among Asian American communities. Stanford News (2024). Retrieved from https:\/\/news.stanford.edu\/stories\/2023\/01\/half-moon-bay-monterey-park-shootings-long-history-insecurity-fear-vulnerability-among-asian-american-communities"},{"key":"91794_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12515","volume":"82","author":"A Singhal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singhal, A. & Jackson, J. W. Perceived racial discrimination partially mediates racial-ethnic disparities in dental utilization and oral health. J. Public Health Dent. 82, 63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jphd.12515 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"91794_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-009-9306-z","volume":"12","author":"HC Yoo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoo, H. C., Gee, G. C., Lowthrop, C. K. & Robertson, J. Self-reported racial discrimination and substance use among Asian Americans in Arizona. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 12, 683\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-009-9306-z (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"91794_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001209","author":"SS Martin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martin, S. S., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I. & Anderson, C. A. M. Heart disease and stroke statistics: A report of US and global data from the American heart association. Circulation https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001209 (2024).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"91794_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21481","volume":"40","author":"Y Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen, Y. & Tryon, G. S. Dual minority stress and Asian American gay men\u2019s psychological distress. J. Community Psychol. 40, 539\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.21481 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"91794_CR12","unstructured":"Sex, gender, and sexuality. (2022). National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2022). https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/nih-style-guide\/sex-gender-sexuality"},{"key":"91794_CR13","unstructured":"Stigma and discrimination research toolkit\u2014National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). National Institutes of Health (NIH) (n.d.). Retrieved January 5, 2025, from https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/organization\/dar\/stigma-and-discrimination-research-toolkit"},{"key":"91794_CR14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses, deaths, and prevalence of HIV in the United States and 6 territories and freely associated states, 2022. HIV Surveill. Rep. 35, (2024). http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv-data\/nhss\/hiv-diagnoses-deaths-prevalence.html"},{"key":"91794_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2015.27.2.112","volume":"27","author":"RE P\u00e9rez-Figueroa","year":"2015","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Figueroa, R. E., Kapadia, F., Barton, S. C., Eddy, J. A. & Halkitis, P. N. Acceptability of PrEP uptake among racially\/ethnically diverse young men who have sex with men: The P18 Study. AIDS Educ. Prev. 27, 112\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.2015.27.2.112 (2015).","journal-title":"AIDS Educ. Prev."},{"key":"91794_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2307\/2137286","volume":"36","author":"IH Meyer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Meyer, I. H. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J. Health Soc. Behav. 36, 38\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2137286 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"91794_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","volume":"129","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer, I. H. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol. Bull. 129, 674\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674 (2003).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"91794_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa19710.1093\/ntr\/ntaa197","volume":"23","author":"L Kcomt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kcomt, L., Evans-Polce, R. J., Engstrom, C. W., West, B. T. & McCabe, S. E. Discrimination, sexual orientation discrimination, and severity of tobacco use disorder in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Nicotine Tob. Res. 23, 920\u2013930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa19710.1093\/ntr\/ntaa197 (2021).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"91794_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117117694449","volume":"32","author":"DP Jannat-Khah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jannat-Khah, D. P., Dill, L. J., Reynolds, S. A. & Joseph, M. A. Stress, socializing, and other motivations for smoking among the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community in New York City. Am. J. Health Promot. 32, 1178\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0890117117694449 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"91794_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11881","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211881","volume":"18","author":"SR Ramos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramos, S. R. et al. Participatory design of a web-based HIV Oral Self-Testing Infographic Experiment (HOTIE) for emerging adult sexual minority men of color: A mixed methods randomized control trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 11881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182211881 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"91794_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06909-z","volume":"37","author":"NS Shah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shah, N. S. et al. Self-reported diabetes prevalence in Asian American subgroups: Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2013\u20132019. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 37, 1902\u20131909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06909-z (2022).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"91794_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2010.500582","volume":"9","author":"JT Sakai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sakai, J. T., Wang, C. & Price, R. K. Substance use and dependence among native Hawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and Asian ethnic groups in the United States: Contrasting multiple-race and single-race prevalence rates from a national survey. J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse 9, 173\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15332640.2010.500582 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"91794_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/34.4.273","volume":"34","author":"C Han","year":"2009","unstructured":"Han, C. Chopsticks don\u2019t make it culturally competent: Addressing larger issues for HIV prevention among gay, bisexual, and queer Asian Pacific Islander men. Health Soc. Work 34, 273\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hsw\/34.4.273 (2009).","journal-title":"Health Soc. Work"},{"key":"91794_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12919","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412919","volume":"18","author":"P Valera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valera, P., Owens, M., Malarkey, S. & Acuna, N. Exploring tobacco and e-cigarette use among queer adults during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 12919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182412919 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"91794_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102376","volume":"35","author":"EK Do","year":"2023","unstructured":"Do, E. K. et al. E-cigarette use behaviors of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander youth in the contiguous United States: Insights from the Monitoring the Future Study (2018\u20132019). Prev. Med. Rep. 35, 102376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102376 (2023).","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"91794_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2021.0430","volume":"10","author":"EH Mereish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mereish, E. H., Fish, J. N. & Watson, R. J. Intersectional minority stress and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use among sexual and gender minority adolescents of color: Moderating role of family support. LGBT Health 10, 18\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2021.0430 (2023).","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"91794_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2018.1439895","volume":"25","author":"R Souleymanov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Souleymanov, R., Brennan, D. J., George, C., Utama, R. & Ceranto, A. Experiences of racism, sexual objectification and alcohol use among gay and bisexual men of colour. Ethn. Health 25, 525\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13557858.2018.1439895 (2020).","journal-title":"Ethn. Health"},{"key":"91794_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.10.005","volume":"103","author":"JE Pachankis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pachankis, J. E., Hatzenbuehler, M. L. & Starks, T. J. The influence of structural stigma and rejection sensitivity on young sexual minority men\u2019s daily tobacco and alcohol use. Soc. Sci. Med. 103, 67\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.10.005 (2014).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"91794_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041987","volume":"18","author":"SR Ramos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramos, S. R. et al. Substance use, general health and health literacy as predictors of oral health in emerging adult sexual minority men of color: A secondary data analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 1987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041987 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"91794_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-023-01253-1","volume":"48","author":"TT Vu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vu, T. T. et al. Substance use patterns and their association with depression and social factors during COVID-19 among Harlem residents in New York City. J. Community Health 48, 937\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-023-01253-1 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"91794_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03657-x","volume":"26","author":"AZ Sheinfil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheinfil, A. Z. et al. Daily associations between alcohol consumption and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 26, 3153\u20133163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03657-x (2022).","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"91794_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09883-z","volume":"20","author":"PA Shuper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shuper, P. A. et al. Alcohol consumption, substance use, and depression in relation to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) nonadherence among gay, bisexual, and other men-who-have-sex-with-men. BMC Public Health 20, 1782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09883-z (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"91794_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14279-2","volume":"22","author":"PA Shuper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shuper, P. A. et al. Perceived influence of alcohol consumption, substance use, and mental health on PrEP adherence and condom use among PrEP-prescribed gay, bisexual, and other men-who-have-sex-with-men: A qualitative investigation. BMC Public Health 22, 1875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-14279-2 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"91794_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094961","volume":"18","author":"SR Ramos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramos, S. R. et al. Profiles of HIV risk, sexual power, and decision-making among sexual minority men of color who engage in transactional sex: A latent profile analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 4961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094961 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"91794_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000274","volume":"32","author":"SR Ramos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramos, S. R. et al. (2021) Intersectional effects of sexual orientation concealment, internalized homophobia, and gender expression on sexual identity and HIV risk among sexual minority men of color: A path analysis. J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care 32, 495\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000274 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"91794_CR36","unstructured":"Mapping attacks on LGBTQ rights in U.S. state legislatures in 2024. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) (2024). Retrieved May 22, 2024, from https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights-2024"},{"key":"91794_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-00971-3","volume":"9","author":"AC Adia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adia, A. C. et al. Asian, Latinx, or multiracial? Assessing Filipinxs\u2019 health conditions and outcomes by aggregate ethnic category. J. Racial Ethn. Health Dispar. 9, 406\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-021-00971-3 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Dispar."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-91794-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-91794-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-91794-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T06:22:05Z","timestamp":1740637325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-91794-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["91794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-91794-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6994"}}