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The aim of our study was to determine the impact of tobacco and cannabis on sperm quality, sperm DNA integrity tested by Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and acridine orange (AO) and their association to genetic variants in the Cytochrome C Oxidase 1, 2 and 3 genes (\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Semen samples were collected and divided into 37 non-smokers (NS), 39 tobacco smokers (TS), and 37 cannabis smokers (CS).\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO2 and MT-CO3<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced by Sanger. The results showed reductions in normal sperm morphology and non-progressive motility in TS and CS compared to NS (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, immotile sperm, AO+, and CMA3\u2009+\u2009scores were higher in the CS compared to TS and NS (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Twenty-three nucleotide substitutions (SNPs) detected in the\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, 15 SNPs detected in the\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, and 30 SNPs detected in the\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO3<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. None of these SNPs was different between the three groups. Tobacco and cannabis smoking altered the motility and morphology of the spermatozoa and sperm DNA integrity but was not associated with genetic variants in the\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>MT-CO3<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91894-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T01:05:01Z","timestamp":1741050301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of marijuana and tobacco on male fertility and their relationship to genetic variation of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase genes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Houda","family":"Amor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayham","family":"Ismaeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Michael","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A Al","family":"Smadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazhar S Al","family":"Zoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingolf","family":"Juhasz-B\u00f6ss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Eid","family":"Hammadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"91894_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511613036.002","author":"S Fishel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fishel, S., Dowell, K. & Thornton, S. 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