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Specifically, patients were admitted to the Pathology Department of Tangshan People\u2019s Hospital between December 2021 and December 2023. Patients diagnosed with LUAD were enrolled. All patients were diagnosed based on histological examination results. Patients with active systemic infections or autoimmune diseases were excluded. The cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues used in the current study were then obtained during intraoperative. The paracancerous tissues, located more than 5.0\u00a0cm away from the tumor, were confirmed as normal controls through H&E stains. Healthy donors were recruited as healthy controls from the physical examination center of Tangshan People\u2019s Hospital. All experiments involving human tissues were approved by the Ethics Committee of Tangshan People\u2019s Hospital (Approval No.: RMYY-LLKS-2021-103, Approval date: 13 December 2021) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All methods were carried out with approved protocols, relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consents were obtained from all participants in the current study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"9298"}}