{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:05:38Z","timestamp":1793207138981,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92042-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T04:36:06Z","timestamp":1740976566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Synergetic simplified super-twisting algorithm control for stability enhancement of PV\/BESS-based DC microgrid"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Naamane","family":"Debdouche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Chebabhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Benbouhenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma-Zohra","family":"Hadjaidji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z. M. S.","family":"Elbarbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad F.","family":"Al-Gahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14396.g8921","volume":"14","author":"CS Savarapu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Savarapu, C. S., Muthamizhan, T., Mohammad, A. & Chandra, S. D. Wavelet-ANN based detection of fault location of hybrid renewable energy sources connected power transmission system. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(3), 551\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14396.g8921 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v2i1.10.g9","volume":"2","author":"H Abdelkader","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdelkader, H., Asma, T. & Meriem, A. Renewable energy in Algeria and energy management systems. Int. J. Smart Grid 2(1), 34\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v2i1.10.g9 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid"},{"issue":"4","key":"92042_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v7i4.311.g300","volume":"7","author":"SA Halah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Halah, S. A. Robustness analysis of ELM-based fault detection in PV systems. Int. J. Smart Grid 7(4), 189\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v7i4.311.g300 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid"},{"key":"92042_CR4","unstructured":"Renewables 2023 Global Status Report Collection, Global Overview, REN21, Paris (2023). https:\/\/www.ren21.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"92042_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v7i4.309.g303","volume":"7","author":"S Haseeb","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haseeb, S., Jie, Y. & Abdul, W. S. Modeling and simulation of PV system with three phase inverter along PV, IV curves using MATLAB\/Simulink. Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid 7(4), 208\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v7i4.309.g303 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid"},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14773.g8912","volume":"14","author":"K Habib","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habib, K. et al. The efficiency of PV-wireless charging system for electric vehicles on highway roads. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(3), 479\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14773.g8912 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v2i1.12.g13","volume":"2","author":"R Semaria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Semaria, R. & Jairo, E. Multi-objective optimal sizing design of a diesel- PV-wind-battery hybrid power system in Colombia. Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid 2(1), 49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v2i1.12.g13 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid"},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v2i1.14.g11","volume":"2","author":"AT Mahamadou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahamadou, A. T., Gueye, D. & Alp, H. N. Design methodology of novel PID for efficient integration of PV power to electrical distributed network. Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid 2(1), 27\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v2i1.14.g11 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid"},{"key":"92042_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2023.109919","volume":"226","author":"S Kundu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kundu, S., Singh, M. & Giri, A. K. Synchronization and control of WECS-SPV-BSS-based distributed generation system using ICCF-PLL control approach. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 226, 109919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsr.2023.109919 (2024).","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"92042_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijeeps-2018-0008","author":"SR Arya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arya, S. R., Maurya, R. & Giri, A. K. Enhancement of power quality in wind based distributed generation system using adaptive vectorial filter. Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ijeeps-2018-0008 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst."},{"key":"92042_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-023-01817-3","volume":"105","author":"PK Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah, P. K. et al. Study of multi-objective photovoltaic grid connected system using SOGI-FLL and NL-SOGI-FLL-APF based DQ hysteresis method. Electr. Eng. 105, 2735\u20132749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00202-023-01817-3 (2023).","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.2916","volume":"49","author":"RA Sabha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabha, R. A. et al. Classical control algorithms for permanent magnet synchronous generator driven by diesel engine for power quality. Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl. 49(3), 576\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cta.2916 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"92042_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-024-02291-1b","author":"S Kundu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kundu, S. et al. Robust and fast control approach for islanded microgrid system and EV charging station applications. Electr. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00202-024-02291-1b (2024).","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14740.g8920","volume":"14","author":"AMA Saad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saad, A. M. A. et al. Technical evaluation of a superconducting fault current limiter for a microgrid with wind-PV hybrid generation. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(3), 538\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14740.g8920 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14237.g8937","volume":"14","author":"S Jiulong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiulong, S., Yanbo, C. & Xiao, G. Cooperative scheduling of source-load-storage for microgrids with electric springs. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(3), 575\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14237.g8937 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"92042_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115057","volume":"269","author":"PJ Dos Santos Neto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dos Santos Neto, P. J. et al. Power management techniques for grid-connected DC microgrids: A comparative evaluation. Appl. Energy 269, 115057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115057 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14588.g8934","volume":"14","author":"G Preeti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Preeti, G., Virendra, S., Vikas, K. S. & Aditya, G. Simulation design & performance evaluation of grid connected 100 kW solar power plant. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(3), 660\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14588.g8934 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"92042_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2024.3394210","author":"W Qingde","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qingde, W. et al. Distributed secondary control based on bi-limit homogeneity for AC microgrids subjected to non-uniform delays and actuator saturations. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPWRS.2024.3394210 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"92042_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2024.3494857","author":"X Linyun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Linyun, X. et al. Markov jump system modeling and control of inverter-fed remote area weak grids via quantized sliding mode. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPWRS.2024.3494857 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"92042_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.121261","volume":"344","author":"K Nima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nima, K. et al. A novel control approach to improve the stability of hybrid AC\/DC microgrids. Appl. Energy. 344, 121261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.121261 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy."},{"key":"92042_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110898","volume":"143","author":"N Khosravi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khosravi, N., Abdolmohammadi, H. R., Bagheri, S. & Miveh, M. R. Improvement of harmonic conditions in the AC\/DC microgrids with the presence of filter compensation modules. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 143, 110898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110898 (2021).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.124313","volume":"377","author":"K Nima","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nima, K., Masrour, D. & Kiomars, S. A hierarchical deep learning approach to optimizing voltage and frequency control in networked microgrid systems. Appl. Energy 377(3), 124313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.124313 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2022.3217964","volume":"38","author":"N Khosravi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khosravi, N. et al. A new approach to enhance the operation of M-UPQC proportional-integral multiresonant controller based on the optimization methods for a stand-alone AC microgrid. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 38(3), 3765\u20133774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPEL.2022.3217964 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"6","key":"92042_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1515\/ijeeps-2021-0062","volume":"22","author":"NP Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta, N. P. & Paliwal, P. Design and operation of smart hybrid microgrid. Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst. 22(6), 729\u2013744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ijeeps-2021-0062 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst."},{"key":"92042_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-024-02434-4","author":"NP Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta, N. P. et al. A novel scheme for control and management of hybrid microgrid with active filtering capability. Electr. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00202-024-02434-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"92042_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8211","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2024.2380861","volume":"70","author":"NP Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta, N. P., Gupta, P., Paliwal, P., Thakkar, N. & Deepa, K. Design of universal control structure for regulation of voltage and frequency in hybrid microgrid. IETE J. Res. 70(11), 8211\u20138231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03772063.2024.2380861 (2024).","journal-title":"IETE J. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14458.g8935","volume":"14","author":"IAZ Muhammad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muhammad, I. A. Z. et al. Effect of thermoelectric cooling system on the performance of photovoltaic-thermal collector: A review. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(3), 674\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14458.g8935 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"92042_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i2.14354.g8884","volume":"14","author":"E Yassine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yassine, E. et al. Design and realization of a descretized PV system with an improved MPPT control for a better exploitation of the PV energy. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(2), 224\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i2.14354.g8884 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"92042_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i2.14277.g8887","volume":"14","author":"B Swaminathan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Swaminathan, B. et al. Performance optimization of an interleaved boost converter with water cycle optimized PO algorithm-based MPPT for the applications of solar-powered E-vehicles. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(2), 248\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i2.14277.g8887 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"92042_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jamaludin, M. N. I., Bin Tajuddin, M. F. N., Ahmed, J. & Sengodan, T. Hybrid bio-intelligence salp swarm algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of photovoltaic systems under gradual change in irradiance conditions. In 2021 Fourth International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT) 1\u20137. (IEEE, 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICECCT52121.2021.9616622","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCT52121.2021.9616622"},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v13i3.14002.g8785","volume":"13","author":"F Ouafia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ouafia, F., Ahmed, A., Hassane, M. & Soufiane, G. Optimized MPPT for aero-generator system built on autonomous squirrel cage generators using feed-forward neural network. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 13(3), 1134\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v13i3.14002.g8785 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"92042_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061340","volume":"11","author":"J Macaulay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Macaulay, J. & Zhou, Z. A fuzzy logical-based variable step size P&O MPPT algorithm for photovoltaic system. Energies 11, 1340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en11061340 (2018).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"92042_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.01.077","volume":"145","author":"SA Rizzo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rizzo, S. A. & Scelba, G. ANN based MPPT method for rapidly variable shading conditions. Appl. Energy 145, 124\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.01.077 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"92042_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v7i2.287.g274","volume":"7","author":"B Fares","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fares, B. Three-dimensional fuzzy logic applied to DC voltage regulation in active power filter of PV system. Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid 7(2), 84\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v7i2.287.g274 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid"},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14360.g8919","volume":"14","author":"B Abdessamad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdessamad, B., Mohammed, F., Reda, R. & Khalid, C. Implementation of genetic algorithm to generate backstepping controller\u2019s gains for MPPT of partially shaded photovoltaic panels. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(3), 526\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i3.14360.g8919 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v13i3.14550.g8815","volume":"13","author":"ZC Ruhi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruhi, Z. C., Korhan, K., Mariacristina, R., Abdelhakim, B. & Abdelfatah, N. A comparative analysis of P&O, IC and supertwisting sliding mode based MPPT methods for PV and fuel cell sourced hybrid system. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 13(3), 1431\u20131442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v13i3.14550.g8815 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v13i3.14190.g8804","volume":"13","author":"E Hind","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hind, E., Mohcine, M., Ayoub, E., Youssef, O. & Lahcen, B. ANN-robust backstepping MPPT based on high gain observer for photovoltaic system. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 13(3), 1332\u20131341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v13i3.14190.g8804 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v13i1.13512.g8666","volume":"13","author":"B Maniraj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maniraj, B., Peer Fathima, A. & Stella, M. PV output power enhancement using meta-heuristic crow search algorithm under uniform and shading condition. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 13(3), 117\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v13i1.13512.g8666 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"92042_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i2.14423.g8903","volume":"14","author":"SS Keerthi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keerthi, S. S., Balamurugan, R. & Karuppiah, N. Two stage PV generation system with novel control strategy to improve grid integrating capabilities during partial shading conditions. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(2), 437\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i2.14423.g8903 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i1.14241.g8870","volume":"14","author":"KP Nirmal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nirmal, K. P., Rupendra, K. P., Sushabhan, C. & Sudhakar, B. T. Frequency locked loop-based control algorithm with enhanced second-order generalized integrator for PV-battery integrated system to improve power quality. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(1), 155\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i1.14241.g8870 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"92042_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2016.2606421","volume":"8","author":"RBA Koad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koad, R. B. A., Zobaa, A. F. & El-Shahat, A. A novel MPPT algorithm based on particle swarm optimization for photovoltaic systems. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 8, 468\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSTE.2016.2606421 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"92042_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/en11020459","volume":"11","author":"S Hadji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hadji, S., Gaubert, J.-P. & Krim, F. Real-time genetic algorithms-based MPPT: Study and comparison (theoretical an experimental) with conventional methods. Energies 11, 459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en11020459 (2018).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"92042_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2015.2424857","volume":"24","author":"X Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, X., Li, Y., Seem, J. E. & Lei, P. Detection of internal resistance change for photovoltaic arrays using extremum-seeking control MPPT signals. IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol. 24, 325\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCST.2015.2424857 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"92042_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v4i2.102.g86","volume":"4","author":"S Abdelaziz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelaziz, S., Kamel, C. & Kamel, B. S. Multiphase interleaved bidirectional DC-DC converter for electric vehicles and smart grid applications. Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid 4(2), 80\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v4i2.102.g86 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid"},{"key":"92042_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.04.013","volume":"44","author":"Y Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han, Y. et al. Two-level energy management strategy for PV-fuel cell-battery-based DC microgrid. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 44, 19395\u201319404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.04.013 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"92042_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102973","volume":"41","author":"P Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, P. & Lather, J. S. Small-signal modeling and stability analysis of autonomous direct current microgrid with distributed energy storage system. J. Energy Storage 41, 102973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.est.2021.102973 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v2i1.6.g7","volume":"2","author":"OV Gnana Swathika","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gnana Swathika, O. V. LUT assisted adaptive overcurrent protection of reconfigurable microgrids. Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid. 2(1), 13\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v2i1.6.g7 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid."},{"issue":"4","key":"92042_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v7i4.312.g299","volume":"7","author":"UR Muhammad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muhammad, U. R., Ibtisam, R., Zahid, M., Bawar, M. & Farhan, I. An overview of the topologies of DC circuit breakers in DC microgrids. Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid 7(4), 178\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v7i4.312.g299 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid"},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v8i3.347.g360","volume":"8","author":"Z Farhad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Farhad, Z. Investigating the reliability and optimal capacity of microgrid electricity storage systems with the aim of reducing costs. Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid 8(3), 140\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v8i3.347.g360 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid"},{"key":"92042_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46026","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3274732","volume":"11","author":"P Khetarpal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khetarpal, P. et al. Power quality disturbances detection and classification based on deep convolution auto-encoder networks. IEEE Access 11, 46026\u201346038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3274732 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"92042_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2023.2258871","author":"A Ram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ram, A., Sharma, P. R., Ahuja, R. K. & Arya, Y. A dual fundamental current extraction controller for DSTATCOM in the distribution system for power quality improvement under non-ideal source voltage condition. Electr. Power Comp. Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15325008.2023.2258871 (2023).","journal-title":"Electr. Power Comp. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR52","first-page":"431","volume":"45","author":"AI Rafeque","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rafeque, A. I., Yogendra, A., Md Safdar, A., Abrar, A. & Zafeer, U. Palliation of current harmonics by employing optimised FO (PI+PD) cascade controller regulated SAPF with the exertion of Taguchi SNR method. Tuijin Jishu J. Propul. Technol. 45(1), 431\u2013450 (2024).","journal-title":"Tuijin Jishu J. Propul. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v8i1.330.g335","volume":"8","author":"B Abdelhakim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelhakim, B., Korhan, K., Ilhami, C., Slimane, H. & Ouahib, G. Smart power conditioning unit utilizing enhanced Inc-Con MPPT for photovoltaic power plants. Int. J. Smart Grid 8(1), 41\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v8i1.330.g335 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid"},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v3i1.37.g42","volume":"3","author":"B Abdelhakim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdelhakim, B., Ilhami, C., Korhan, K. & Ramazan, B. Design and implementation of a cuk converter controlled by a direct duty cycle INC-MPPT in PV battery system. Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid 3(1), 19\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijsmartgrid.v3i1.37.g42 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid-ijSmartGrid"},{"key":"92042_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nansur, A. R., Syah, L. H. A. & Murdianto, F. D. Constant voltage control using fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to overcome the unstable output voltage of MPPT in DC microgrid system. In 2018 International Electronics Symposium on Engineering Technology and Applications (IES-ETA) 19\u201324. (IEEE, 2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ELECSYM.2018.8615556","DOI":"10.1109\/ELECSYM.2018.8615556"},{"key":"92042_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106438","volume":"187","author":"PSKCS Thampatty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thampatty, P. S. K. C. S. & Nambiar, T. N. P. Design and implementation of partial feedback linearization controller for unified power flow controller. Electric Power Syst. Res. 187, 106438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106438 (2020).","journal-title":"Electric Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"92042_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2017.2769692","volume":"12","author":"TK Roy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roy, T. K. & Md Mahmud, A. Dynamic stability analysis of hybrid islanded DC microgrids using a nonlinear backstepping approach. IEEE Syst. J. 12, 3120\u20133130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSYST.2017.2769692 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"92042_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2024.2332401","author":"B Habib","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habib, B., Yahdou, A., Colak, I. & Bizon, N. Using fractional-order technique and non-linear surface to improve the performance of the backstepping control of multi-rotor wind power systems. Electric Power Comp. Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15325008.2024.2332401 (2024).","journal-title":"Electric Power Comp. Syst."},{"key":"92042_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10101210","volume":"10","author":"JD Barros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barros, J. D., Rocha, L. & Silva, J. F. Backstepping predictive control of hybrid microgrids interconnected by neutral point clamped converters. Electronics 10, 1210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics10101210 (2021).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"92042_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10243100","volume":"10","author":"J Mao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mao, J., Zhang, X., Dai, T., Wu, A. & Yin, C. An adaptive backstepping sliding mode cascade-control method for a DC microgrid based on nonlinear virtual inertia. Electronics 10, 3100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics10243100 (2021).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"92042_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.3390\/en14133988","volume":"14","author":"A Armghan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Armghan, A. et al. Dynamical operation based robust nonlinear control of DC microgrid considering renewable energy integration. Energies 14, 3988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14133988 (2021).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"92042_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rashad, M., Raoof, U., Siddique, N. & Ahmed, B. A. Equivalent sliding mode controller for stability of DC microgrid. In The 1st International Conference on Energy. Power and Environment, MDPI 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/engproc2021012023 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/engproc2021012023"},{"key":"92042_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12051074","volume":"12","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, X. & Fang, X. Passive backstepping control of dual active bridge converter in modular three-port DC converter. Electronics 12, 1074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12051074 (2023).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"92042_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12030728","volume":"12","author":"K Louassaa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Louassaa, K., Chouder, A. & Rus-Casas, C. Robust nonsingular terminal sliding mode control of a buck converter feeding a constant power load. Electronics 12, 728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12030728 (2023).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"92042_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8672","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188672","volume":"11","author":"A Armghan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Armghan, A. et al. Barrier function based adaptive sliding mode controller for a hybrid AC\/DC microgrid involving multiple renewables. Appl. Sci. 11, 8672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11188672 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"92042_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2020.2982414","volume":"11","author":"S Chaturvedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaturvedi, S., Fulwani, D. & Guerrero, J. M. Adaptive-SMC based output impedance shaping in DC microgrids affected by inverter loads. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 11, 2940\u20132949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSTE.2020.2982414 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"92042_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10091109","volume":"10","author":"M Azab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azab, M. & Serrano-Fontova, A. Optimal tuning of fractional order controllers for dual active bridge-based DC microgrid including voltage stability assessment. Electronics 10, 1109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics10091109 (2021).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"92042_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3390\/math11061283","volume":"11","author":"N Pachauri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pachauri, N. et al. A robust fractional-order control scheme for PV-penetrated grid-connected microgrid. Mathematics 11, 1283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math11061283 (2023).","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"92042_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.07.051","volume":"10","author":"B Deffaf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deffaf, B., Farid, H., Benbouhenni, H., Medjmadj, S. & Debdouche, N. Synergetic control for three-level voltage source inverter-based shunt active power filter to improve power quality. Energy Rep. 10, 1013\u20131027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.07.051 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"92042_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34537-7","author":"NP Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta, N. P. et al. Real time implementation of scaled droop control in hybrid microgrid with hydrogen storage for regulation of voltage and frequency. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-024-34537-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"92042_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.10.074","volume":"10","author":"N Debdouche","year":"2023","unstructured":"Debdouche, N. et al. Genetic algorithm-super-twisting technique for grid-connected PV system associate with filter. Energy Rep. 10, 4231\u20134252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.10.074 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"92042_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.3390\/en16104103","volume":"16","author":"N Debdouche","year":"2023","unstructured":"Debdouche, N. et al. Direct power control for three-level multifunctional voltage source inverter of PV systems using a simplified super-twisting algorithm. Energies 16, 4103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en16104103 (2023).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i1.14887.g8882","volume":"14","author":"G Ilhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ilhan, G. et al. Building integration parameters for photovoltaic simulation. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(1), 176\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i1.14887.g8882 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i1.14406.g8859","volume":"14","author":"G Sravanthy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sravanthy, G., Vidya Sagar, E. & Susheela, N. Performance investigation of PV battery integrated parallel operated inverter in standalone mode. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(1), 70\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i1.14406.g8859 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"92042_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v14i1.14362.g8854","volume":"14","author":"B Ravindhar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ravindhar, B., Suresh, K. & Mangu, B. Optimal coordinated voltage control in distribution system considering smart inverter interfaced solar PV penetration. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 14(1), 38\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v14i1.14362.g8854 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"92042_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v11i3.12079.g8282","volume":"11","author":"AZ Mohamed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohamed, A. Z., Badreddine, K., Fatma, B. S. & Hsan, H. A. A comparative study of distinct advanced MPPT Algorithms for a PV boost converter. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 11(3), 1156\u20131165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20508\/ijrer.v11i3.12079.g8282 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"92042_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.02.047","volume":"11","author":"B Maroua","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maroua, B. et al. Robust type 2 fuzzy logic control microgrid-connected photovoltaic system with battery energy storage through multi-functional voltage source inverter using direct power control. Energy Rep. 11, 3117\u20133134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.02.047 (2024).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"92042_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40998-023-00627-4","volume":"47","author":"D Naamane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naamane, D., Laid, Z. & Fateh, M. Power quality improvement based on third-order sliding mode direct power control of microgrid-connected photovoltaic system with battery storage and nonlinear load. Iran J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Electr. Eng. 47, 1473\u20131490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40998-023-00627-4 (2023).","journal-title":"Iran J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"92042_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1049\/gtd2.12437","volume":"16","author":"SK Ghosh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghosh, S. K., Roy, T. K., Pramanik, M. A. H. & Mahmud, M. A. A nonlinear double-integral sliding mode controller design for hybrid energy storage systems and solar photovoltaic units to enhance the power management in DC microgrids. IET Gener. Trans. Dist. 16, 2228\u20132241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/gtd2.12437 (2022).","journal-title":"IET Gener. Trans. Dist."},{"key":"92042_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3390\/en17020532","volume":"17","author":"TK Roy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roy, T. K., Oo, A. M. T. & Ghosh, S. K. Designing a high-order sliding mode controller for photovoltaic-and battery energy storage system-based DC microgrids with ANN-MPPT. Energies 17, 532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17020532 (2024).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"92042_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.117473","volume":"301","author":"C Napole","year":"2021","unstructured":"Napole, C., Derbeli, M. & Barambones, O. A global integral terminal sliding mode control based on a novel reaching law for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. Appl. Energy 301, 117473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.117473 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"92042_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.02.235","volume":"8","author":"R Hiremath","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hiremath, R. & Moger, T. Modified super twisting algorithm based sliding mode control for LVRT enhancement of DFIG driven wind system. Energy Rep. 8, 3600\u20133613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.02.235 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"92042_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40870-7","volume":"13","author":"H Benbouhenni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benbouhenni, H., Gasmi, H., Colak, I., Bizon, N. & Thounthong, P. Synergetic-PI controller based on genetic algorithm for DPC-PWM strategy of a multi-rotor wind power system. Sci. Rep. 13, 13570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-40870-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"92042_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133490","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3335902","volume":"11","author":"H Benbouhenni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benbouhenni, H. et al. Fractional-order synergetic control of the asynchronous generator-based variable-speed multi-rotor wind power systems. IEEE Access. 11, 133490\u2013133508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3335902 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92042-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92042-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92042-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T16:26:54Z","timestamp":1741019214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92042-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["92042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-92042-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7392"}}