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The synthesized compounds were\ncharacterized using various spectral studies, including FT-IR,\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H NMR,\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C NMR, mass\nspectrometry, and elemental analysis. Newly synthesized pyrimidopyrimidines and\n2-(substituted-pyrazolyl)pyrimidine derivatives were assessed in vitro for their\ncytotoxic activities against three cancerous cell lines: colorectal carcinoma\n(\n                    <jats:bold>HCT-116<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), mammary gland breast cancer\n(\n                    <jats:bold>MCF-7<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), and hepatocellular carcinoma\n(\n                    <jats:bold>HEPG-2<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), as well as normal fibroblasts\n(\n                    <jats:bold>W138<\/jats:bold>\n                    ). The results indicated that compounds\n                    <jats:bold>3b<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>10b<\/jats:bold>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:bold>10c<\/jats:bold>\n                    exhibited the highest cytotoxic activities,\nwith IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values very close to those of the reference drug\n(doxorubicin) across all studied cancerous cell lines, while also demonstrating good\nsafety effects on the normal human lung fibroblast cell line. Furthermore, all the\nsynthesized compounds were examined for their antimicrobial activity against two\nGram-positive bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), one Gram negative\nbacterium (\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and two fungal\nspecies (\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The antimicrobial results of the\nsynthesized compounds, when compared with the reference drugs ampicillin and\nclotrimazole, revealed that compounds\n                    <jats:bold>3a<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>3b<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>3d<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>4a-d<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>9c<\/jats:bold>\n                    and\n                    <jats:bold>10b<\/jats:bold>\n                    exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities.\nMoreover, membrane stabilization or anti-hemolytic activity was employed as a method\nto study the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    anti-inflammatory activity\nof the prepared heterocyclic compounds. Antioxidant activities were also assessed by\nmeasuring the percentage of free radical scavenging. Compounds\n                    <jats:bold>4b<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>10c<\/jats:bold>\n                    and\n                    <jats:bold>11a-c<\/jats:bold>\n                    demonstrated strong anti-hemolytic and antioxidant effects,\nwhich can be attributed to their ability to protect red blood cells from\nhemolysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92066-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T10:51:08Z","timestamp":1742295068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["RETRACTED ARTICLE: Synthesis, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxicity of new pyrimidine and pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9782-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reda Mohammed","family":"Keshk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab Ahmed","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir Kamel","family":"Elsaedany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsayed Mahmoud Abed","family":"ElRehim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doha Mohammad","family":"Beltagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"92066_CR1","first-page":"55581","volume":"2","author":"RB Ajmal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ajmal, R. 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