{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:55:38Z","timestamp":1792047338450,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare genetic disease, causing muscle degeneration due to lack of dystrophin with inadequate muscle regeneration culminating in muscle dysfunction. The N-163 strain of\n                    <jats:italic>Aureobasidium Pullulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    produced Beta-1,3\u2009\u2212\u20091,6-glucan (Neu REFIX) reported to be safe with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic efficacy earlier, herein we evaluated its effects on muscle regeneration in\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice. Forty-five mice in three groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915 each): Group 1 (normal), Group 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    control), and Group 3 (\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    fed Neu REFIX) were evaluated for 45 days. IGF-1, Dystrophin, CD44 and MYH3 in diaphragm, plasma and skeletal muscle were evaluated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Mean IGF-1 expression was 20.32% and 16.27% higher in plasma (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.03) and diaphragm respectively in Neu-REFIX group. Mean dystrophin was higher in Neu-REFIX group by 70.3% and 4.7% in diaphragm and plasma respectively than control. H-score intensity of CD44\u2009+\u2009was &gt;\u20092.0 with an MYH3-positivity 20% higher in Neu-REFIX than control. Oral administration of Neu REFIX was safe. Significantly enhanced plasma IGF-1 beside increased Dystrophin, MYH3 and CD44, proving a restoration of muscle regeneration and differentiation, especially in diaphragm, makes us recommend it as a disease modifying adjuvant in both early and advanced stages of DMD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92258-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T13:25:04Z","timestamp":1740749104000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhanced expression of dystrophin, IGF-1, CD44 and MYH3 in plasma and skeletal muscles including diaphragm of mdx mice after oral administration of Neu REFIX beta 1,3-1,6 glucan"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Senthilkumar","family":"Preethy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuji","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Ichiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobunao","family":"Ikewaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidyasagar Devaprasad","family":"Dedeepiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subramaniam","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadalraja","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathaiyan","family":"Rajmohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajappa","family":"Senthilkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel JK","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"92258_CR1","first-page":"94","volume":"28","author":"E Abdel-Salam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abdel-Salam, E., Abdel-Meguid, I. & Korraa, S. 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Hepatoprotective effects of Aureobasidium pullulans derived \u0392 1,3\u2009\u2013\u20091,6 glucans in a murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 12(6), 1428\u20131437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.008 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.008"},{"key":"92258_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.14283\/jarlife.2023.11","volume":"12","author":"N Ikewaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ikewaki, N. et al. Beta 1,3\u2009\u2013\u20091,6 glucans produced by two novel strains of aureobasidium pullulans exert immune and metabolic beneficial effects in healthy Middle-aged Japanese men: Results of an exploratory randomized control study. 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Nutrients 12(5), 1451 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"92258_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00248.2021","volume":"132","author":"R Sahani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahani, R., Wallace, C. H., Jones, B. K. & Blemker, S. S. Diaphragm muscle fibrosis involves changes in collagen organization with mechanical implications in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985). 132(3), 653\u2013672 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"5","key":"92258_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090887","volume":"176","author":"S Fukada","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fukada, S. et al. Genetic background affects properties of satellite cells and Mdx phenotypes. Am. J. Pathol. 176(5), 2414\u20132424 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. 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Biol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92258-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92258-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92258-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T13:25:06Z","timestamp":1740749106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92258-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["92258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-92258-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.06.06.543858","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Author Samuel JK Abraham is a shareholder in GN Corporation, Japan which holds shares of Sophy Inc., Japan., the manufacturers of novel beta glucans using different strains of Aureobasidium pullulans; a board member in both the companies and an applicant to several patents of relevance to these beta glucans. All the remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All experimental protocols were approved by SMC Laboratories, Japan\u2019s IACUC (Study Protocol no: SP_SLMA143-2208-3). All methods are reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. This study was conducted in accordance with the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments Guidelines. C57BL\/10SnSlc mice (3 weeks of age, male) were obtained from Japan SLC, Inc. (Japan). C57BL\/10-\n                      mdx\n                      \/Jcl mice (3 weeks of age, male) were obtained from CLEA Japan (Japan). All animals used in this study were cared for following guidelines: Act on Welfare and Management of Animals (Ministry of the Environment, Act No. 105 of October 1, 1973), Standards Relating to the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals and Relief of Pain (Notice No.88 of the Ministry of the Environment, April 28, 2006) and Guidelines for Proper Conduct of Animal Experiments (Science Council of Japan, June 1, 2006).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"7232"}}