{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:08:30Z","timestamp":1772136510458,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92497-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T01:04:34Z","timestamp":1741395874000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal trajectories of cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease during COVID-19 lockdown in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hahyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soojin","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gieun","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyul","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoon Soo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunji","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohee","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"So Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"So Young","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"92497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","volume":"14","author":"CR Jack Jr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jack, C. R. Jr et al. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 14 (4), 535\u2013562 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"issue":"10284","key":"92497_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","volume":"397","author":"P Scheltens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scheltens, P. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet 397 (10284), 1577\u20131590 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10248","key":"92497_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","volume":"396","author":"G Livingston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Livingston, G. et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the lancet commission. Lancet 396 (10248), 413\u2013446 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"92497_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200604","volume":"76","author":"C Boutoleau-Bretonni\u00e8re","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boutoleau-Bretonni\u00e8re, C. et al. The effects of confinement on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease during the COVID-19 crisis. J. Alzheimers Dis. 76 (1), 41\u201347 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"92497_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578015","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.578015","volume":"11","author":"A Cagnin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cagnin, A. et al. Behavioral and psychological effects of coronavirus disease-19 quarantine in patients with dementia. Front. Psychiatr.  11, 578015 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"92497_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201008","volume":"13","author":"IEM Evans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evans, I. E. M. et al. Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people. PLoS One  13 (8), e0201008 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"92497_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.04.006","volume":"22","author":"JS Kuiper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuiper, J. S. et al. Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res. Rev. 22, 39\u201357 (2015).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"92497_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12143","volume":"16","author":"VCT Mok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mok, V. C. T. et al. Tackling challenges in care of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias amid the COVID-19 pandemic, now and in the future. Alzheimers Dement. 16 (11), 1571\u20131581 (2020).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"issue":"2","key":"92497_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-231166","volume":"100","author":"JM Chandler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chandler, J. M., Ye, W., Mi, X., Doty, E. G. & Johnston, J. A. Potential impact of slowing disease progression in early symptomatic Alzheimer\u2019s disease on patient quality of life, caregiver time, and total societal costs: estimates based on findings from GERAS-US study. J. Alzheimers Dis. 100 (2), 563\u2013578 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"92497_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dubbelman, M. A. et al. Decline in everyday functioning in relation to cerebral tau burden across the clinical spectrum of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 19 (S18).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.075056 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.075056"},{"issue":"40","key":"92497_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27416","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027416","volume":"100","author":"K Fujii","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fujii, K. et al. Mediating role of instrumental activities of daily living ability on cognitive function of older adults living alone: A 4-year longitudinal study from the Kasama study. Medicine 100 (40), e27416 (2021).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"92497_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S454943","volume":"20","author":"Y-J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, Y. J., Chang, M. C., Jhang, K. M., Wang, W. F. & Liao, Y. C. Neuropsychiatric symptoms predict faster cognitive decline in dementia collaborative care than antipsychotic use. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 20, 689\u2013696 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis. Treat."},{"issue":"1","key":"92497_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-231418","volume":"98","author":"N Siafarikas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siafarikas, N. Neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms: two sides of the same coin? J. Alzheimers Dis. 98 (1), 75\u201378 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"92497_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desai, P. et al. Associations between depressive symptoms, glial fibrillary acid protein, and cognitive decline in a population-based study. Alzheimers Dement. 19 (S15). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.075850 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.075850"},{"issue":"8","key":"92497_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01617-6","volume":"7","author":"F Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, F. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 cohort studies of social isolation, loneliness and mortality. Nat. Hum. Behav. 7 (8), 1307\u20131319 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"92497_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.051","volume":"344","author":"F Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng, F., Liang, J., Li, C., Gao, D. & Xie, W. Cognitive decline among older adults with depressive symptoms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Affect. Disord.  344, 407\u2013413 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"92497_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.34.7.939","volume":"34","author":"G McKhann","year":"1984","unstructured":"McKhann, G. et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurology 34 (7), 939\u2013944 (1984).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"92497_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004826","volume":"90","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petersen, R. C. et al. Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American academy of neurology. Neurology 90 (3), 126\u2013135 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"92497_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2000.15.6.609","volume":"15","author":"SH Choi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Choi, S. H. et al. The Korean version of the neuropsychiatric inventory: a scoring tool for neuropsychiatric disturbance in dementia patients. J. Korean Med. Sci. 15 (6), 609\u2013615 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"92497_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P47","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/57.1.P47","volume":"57","author":"JH Lee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee, J. H. et al. Development of the Korean version of the consortium to Establish a registry for Alzheimer\u2019s disease assessment packet (CERAD-K): clinical and neuropsychological assessment batteries. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 57 (1), P47\u201353 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"92497_CR21","first-page":"23","volume":"9","author":"S Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim, S., Won, J. W. & Cho, K. The validity and reliability of Korean version of Lawton IADL index. J. Korean Geriatr. Soc. 9, 23\u201329 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Korean Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"92497_CR22","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney, F. I. & Barthel, D. W. Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Md. State Med. J. 14, 61\u201365 (1965).","journal-title":"Md. State Med. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"92497_CR23","first-page":"534","volume":"25","author":"SY Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim, S. Y., Won, C. W. & Rho, Y. G. The validity and reliability of Korean version of bathel ADL index. J. Korean Acad. Family Med. 25 (7), 534\u2013541 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Family Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"92497_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.01.004","volume":"57","author":"JN Bae","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bae, J. N. & Cho, M. J. Development of the Korean version of the geriatric depression scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients. J. Psychosom. Res. 57 (3), 297\u2013305 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"92497_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, J. I., Weaver, N. E. & Hendricks, A. E. Accessible analysis of longitudinal data with linear mixed effects models. Dis. Model Mech. 15 (5). https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-abstract\/15\/5\/dmm048025\/275308 (2022).","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.048025"},{"issue":"1","key":"92497_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol. 57 (1), 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. R Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"92497_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208802","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1208802","volume":"14","author":"J Cummings","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cummings, J. et al. Exploring the relationship between patient-relevant outcomes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression assessed using the clinical dementia rating scale: a systematic literature review. Front. Neurol. 14, 1208802 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"92497_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/09084280701509125","volume":"14","author":"J Razani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Razani, J. et al. Relationship between executive functioning and activities of daily living in patients with relatively mild dementia. Appl. Neuropsychol. 14 (3), 208\u2013214 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"92497_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0099-0","volume":"7","author":"K Jekel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jekel, K. et al. Mild cognitive impairment and deficits in instrumental activities of daily living: a systematic review. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 7 (1), 17 (2015).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"92497_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.12.55","volume":"2","author":"GA Marshall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marshall, G. A., Amariglio, R. E., Sperling, R. A. & Rentz, D. M. Activities of daily living: where do they fit in the diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Neurodegener. Dis. Manag.  2 (5), 483\u2013491 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis. Manag"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92497-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92497-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92497-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T01:04:39Z","timestamp":1741395879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-92497-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["92497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-92497-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5312153\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (Approval Number: 10-2020-295). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study, as all data were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. The study adhered to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"8081"}}