{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T14:18:10Z","timestamp":1794579490525,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93794-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T07:28:01Z","timestamp":1742455681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Generative AI lacks the human creativity to achieve scientific discovery from scratch"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amy Wenxuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"93794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurevpharmtox-040323-04082","author":"C Hasselgren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hasselgren, C. & Oprea, T. I. Artificial intelligence for drug discovery: are we there yet? Annual Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurevpharmtox-040323-04082 (2024).","journal-title":"Annual Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"93794_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02980-0","volume":"621","author":"R Van Noorden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Noorden, R. & Perkel, J. M. AI and science: what 1600 researchers think. Nature 621, 672\u2013675 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"93794_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.5.524","volume":"125","author":"D Klahr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klahr, D. & Simon, H. A. Studies of scientific discovery: complementary approaches and convergent findings. Psychol. Bull. 125, 524\u2013543 (1999).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"93794_CR4","unstructured":"OpenAI & Chatgpt A Large-Scale Pretrained Dialogue Model for Generating Conversational Text. (2022). https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/chatgpt\/"},{"key":"93794_CR5","unstructured":"Bubeck, S., Chandrasekaran, V., Eldan, R., Gehrke, J. & Horvitz, E. and others. Sparks of artificial general intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4. arXiv:2303.12712, 2023."},{"key":"93794_CR6","unstructured":"Zenil, H. et al. King, R. The future of fundamental science led by generative closed-loop artificial intelligence. Working paper, arXiv.2307.07522v3, August 2023."},{"key":"93794_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A. & Mitchell, M. On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency, 610\u2013623, (2021).","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"93794_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leslie, D. Does the Sun Rise for ChatGPT? Scientific Discovery in the Age of Generative AI AI and Ethics (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00315-3"},{"key":"93794_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bail, C. Can generative Artificial Intelligence improve social science? Working paper, (2023).","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/rwtzs"},{"issue":"7944","key":"93794_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00056-7","volume":"613","author":"H Else","year":"2023","unstructured":"Else, H. Abstracts written by ChatGPT fool scientists. Nature 613 (7944), 423\u2013423 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"93794_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06221-2","volume":"620","author":"H Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. August Scientific discovery in the age of artificial intelligence. Nature 620, (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"93794_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh4451","volume":"380","author":"Z Epstein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Epstein, Z. & Hertzmann, A. The investigators of human creativity. Art and the science of generative AI. Science 380, 1110\u20131111 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"93794_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, G. & Thakur, A. ChatGPT in Drug discovery, (2022).","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2023-qgs3k"},{"key":"93794_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uludag, K. Testing creative of ChatGPT in Psychology: interview with ChatGPT. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=4390872, (2023).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4390872"},{"key":"93794_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binz, M. & Schulz, E. Using cognitive psychology to understand GPT-3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6): e2218523120, February 2023.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218523120"},{"key":"93794_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dillion, D., Tandon, N., Gu, Y. & Gray, K. Can AI Language Models Replace Human Participants?? Trends in Cognitive Sciences  (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.04.008"},{"key":"93794_CR17","unstructured":"Frueh, S. How AI Is Shaping Scientific DiscoveryNovember 6 (National Academies of Science, 2023)."},{"key":"93794_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1070\/RCR4746","volume":"86","author":"II Baskin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baskin, I. I., Madzhidov, T. I., Antipin, I. S. & Varnek, A. A. Artifcial intelligence in synthetic chemistry: Achievements and prospects. Russ Chem. Rev. 86, 1127\u20131156 (2017).","journal-title":"Russ Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"18","key":"93794_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1021\/jm970666c","volume":"41","author":"A Ajay","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ajay, A., Walters, W. P. & Murcko, M. A. Can we learn to distinguish between drug-like and nondrug-like. molecules? J. Med. Chem. 41 (18), 3314\u20133324 (1998).","journal-title":"molecules? J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"93794_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1021\/ci049714+","volume":"45","author":"JJ Irwin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Irwin, J. J. & Shoichet, B. K. ZINC\u2009\u2013\u2009a free database of commercially available compounds for virtual screening. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 45, 177\u2013182 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"issue":"7873","key":"93794_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","volume":"596","author":"J Jumper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jumper, J. et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with alphafold. Nature 596 (7873), 583\u2013589 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"93794_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grissa, D., Junge, A., Oprea, T. I. & Jensen, L. J. Diseases 2.0: A weekly updated database of disease-gene associations from text mining and data integration. Database (2022).","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baac019"},{"issue":"7","key":"93794_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SC04336E","volume":"11","author":"X Zeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeng, X. et al. Target identification among known drugs by deep learning from heterogeneous networks. Chem. Sci. 11 (7), 1775\u20131797 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"93794_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.14","volume":"17","author":"TI Oprea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oprea, T. I. et al. Unexplored therapeutic opportunities in the human genome. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov 17(5):317\u20133322017 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov"},{"key":"93794_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peplow, M. Google AI and robots join forces to build new materials. Nat. November 29, (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03745-5"},{"key":"93794_CR26","unstructured":"Achinstein, P. & Hannaway, O. Observation, Experiment and Hypothesis in Modern Physical Science (MIT, 1985)."},{"key":"93794_CR27","unstructured":"Feynman, R. The Character of Physical Law (MIT, 1965)."},{"key":"93794_CR28","unstructured":"Hanson, N. R. Patterns of Discovery (Cambridge, 1958)."},{"key":"93794_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hesse, M. The Structure of Scientific Inference (University of California Press, 1974).","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520313316"},{"key":"93794_CR30","unstructured":"Ding, W. A. Study of Collaborative Scientific Discovery, Doctoral Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, (2002)."},{"key":"93794_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2102_1","volume":"21","author":"T Okada","year":"1997","unstructured":"Okada, T. & Simon, H. A. Collaborative discovery in a scientific domain. Cogn. Sci. 21, 109\u2013146 (1997).","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"93794_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1703_3","volume":"17","author":"K Dunbar","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dunbar, K. Concept discovery in a scientific domain. Cogn. Sci. 17, 397\u2013434 (1993).","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"93794_CR33","unstructured":"Ericsson, K. A. & Simon, H. A. Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data (MIT Press, 1984)."},{"key":"93794_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huston, M. Hypotheses devised by AI could find blind sports in research. Nat. Index. November 17, (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03596-0"},{"key":"93794_CR35","unstructured":"Popper, K. R. Objective Knowledge: an Evolutionary Approach (Oxford University Press, 1972)."},{"key":"93794_CR36","unstructured":"Russell, B. The Problems of Philosophy (Home University Library, 1912)."},{"issue":"2","key":"93794_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_1","volume":"12","author":"D Kulkarni","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kulkarni, D. & Simon, H. A. The processes of scientific discovery: the strategy of experimentation. Cogn. Sci. 12 (2), 139\u2013175 (1988).","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"93794_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thagard, P. Conceptual Revolutions (Princeton University Press, 1992).","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691186672"},{"issue":"1","key":"93794_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2401_2","volume":"24","author":"E Alberdi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Alberdi, E., Sleeman, D. H. & Korpi, M. Accommodating surprise in taxonomic tasks: The role of expertise. Cogn. Sci. 24 (1), 53\u201392 (2000).","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"93794_CR40","unstructured":"Chinn, C. & Brewer, W. Factors that influence how people respond to anomalous data. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp318-323). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1993)."},{"issue":"6","key":"93794_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(199808)35:6<623::AID-TEA3>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"35","author":"C Chinn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chinn, C. & Brewer, W. An empirical test of a taxonomy of responses to anomalous data in science. J. Res. Sci. Teach. 35 (6), 623\u2013654 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Res. Sci. Teach."},{"key":"93794_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinn, C. & Brewer, W. Models of data: A theory of how people evaluate data. Cognition Instruction, 19(3), 323\u20133932001","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532690XCI1903_3"},{"key":"93794_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1002_2","volume":"10","author":"N Miyake","year":"1986","unstructured":"Miyake, N. Constructive interaction and the iterative process of Understanding. Cogn. Sci. 10, 151\u2013177 (1986).","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"93794_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nersessian, N. Faraday To Einstein: Constructing Meaning in Scientific Theories (Nijhoff, 1984).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6187-6"},{"key":"93794_CR45","unstructured":"Trickett, S. B., Trafton, J. G., Schunn, C. D. & Harrison, A. That\u2019s Odd! How scientists respond to anomalous data. In Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (2001)."},{"key":"93794_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2024.12.003","volume":"85","author":"A Holzinger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Holzinger, A., Zatloukal, K. & M\u00fcller, H. Is human oversight to AI systems still possible?? New Biotechnol. 85, 59\u201362 (2025).","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-93794-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-93794-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-93794-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T21:08:11Z","timestamp":1742504891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-93794-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["93794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-93794-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9587"}}