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Their longitudinal relationship is less clear. We used observational data from the Study of Health in Pomerania at baseline (SHIP-TREND-0; 2008\u20132012) and follow-up (SHIP-TREND-1; 2016\u20132019) with 1,214 men and 1,293 women. HGS was measured with a hand dynamometer. CRF was assessed using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Linear regression models were adjusted appropriately. Several sensitivity analyses were performed. From baseline to follow-up (7 years) HGS decreased in men (3.5\u00a0kg) and women (0.8\u00a0kg). VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak lessened in men (36\u00a0ml\/min) and increased in women (53\u00a0ml\/min). We only found significant relations in men where a 1\u00a0l decline in VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak was associated with a 0.87\u00a0kg larger decrease in fat free mass and with a 1.15\u00a0kg stronger decline in body weight. All other analysis revealed non-significant findings. This longitudinal analysis suggests that age related changes in strength and CRF are not related to body size and shape but only composition (in men). A novelty of our findings are the sex-specific aspects given that strength decreased much stronger in men compared to women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93828-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T22:56:18Z","timestamp":1742597778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The relationship between age related changes in strength and fitness with body size, shape and composition"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Schulte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0154-7353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till","family":"Ittermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4121-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6746-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Ewert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello R. 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