{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:51:14Z","timestamp":1783399874843,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94333-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T19:49:00Z","timestamp":1744055340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of temperature and confinement mechanisms on the deformation of selective laser melting 3D printed SS316 using finite element analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ambuj","family":"Saxena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashi Prakash","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubham","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Beemkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Kedia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0230-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. Nagabhushana","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab","family":"El Sayed Massoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmina","family":"Lozanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"94333_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, A., Srivastava, A. K., Maurya, N. K. & Gupta, T. K. Influence of printing orientation on power-law hardening and ductile damage parameters for 3D-printed SS316L steel: experimental and FEA approach. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 0, 1\u201323 (2024).","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2024.2411306"},{"key":"94333_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.04.058","volume":"696","author":"J Suryawanshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suryawanshi, J., Prashanth, K. G. & Ramamurty, U. Mechanical behavior of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Engineering: A. 696, 113\u2013121 (2017).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Engineering: A"},{"key":"94333_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s13632-018-0433-6","volume":"7","author":"LE Murr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murr, L. E. A metallographic review of 3D printing\/additive manufacturing of metal and alloy products and components. Metallography Microstruct. Anal. 7, 103\u2013132 (2018).","journal-title":"Metallography Microstruct. Anal."},{"issue":"2","key":"94333_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2015.01.013","volume":"28","author":"L Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Liu, Y., Sun, S. & Zhang, H. Selective laser melting of Al\u20138.5 Fe\u20131.3 V\u20131.7 Si alloy: investigation on the resultant microstructure and hardness. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 28 (2), 564\u2013569 (2015).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"94333_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilaro, T., Colin, C., Bartout, J. D., Naz\u00e9, L. & Sennour, M. Microstructural and mechanical approaches of the selective laser melting process applied to a nickel-base superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 534, pp.446\u2013451. (2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2011.11.092"},{"key":"94333_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ergene, B. & Yal\u00e7\u0131n, B. Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V cellular structures produced with selective laser melting: Effects of rib thickness, unit cell type and orientation. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, p.09544089241296708. (2024).","DOI":"10.1177\/09544089241296708"},{"key":"94333_CR7","volume-title":"Simulation of the production of Inconel 718 and Ti6Al4V biomedical parts with different relative densities by selective laser melting (SLM) method","author":"B Ergene","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ergene, B. Simulation of the Production of Inconel 718 and Ti6Al4V Biomedical Parts with Different Relative Densities by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Method (Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 2022)."},{"key":"94333_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.04.002","volume":"63","author":"EM Sefene","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sefene, E. M. State-of-the-art of selective laser melting process: A comprehensive review. J. Manuf. Syst. 63, 250\u2013274 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"94333_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-018-1508-4","volume":"71","author":"A Saxena","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saxena, A. & Kumaraswamy, A. Numerical analysis of effect of temperature on ball indentation behaviour of Armox500T and IN718. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 71, 3111\u20133116 (2018).","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Inst. Met."},{"key":"94333_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, A. & Dwivedi, S. P. Representative volume element (RVE) based FEA investigation on the plastic flow behaviour of friction-stir processed AA7075\/Si3N4 composite under constrained deformation conditions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, p.09544089231193603. (2023).","DOI":"10.1177\/09544089231193603"},{"key":"94333_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-018-3487-3","volume":"27","author":"A Saxena","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saxena, A., Kumaraswamy, A., Sethi, S., Madhusudhan Reddy, G. & Madhu, V. Microstructural characterization and high strain rate plastic flow behavior of SMAW Armox500T steel joints from spherical indentation experiments. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 27, 4261\u20134269 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"94333_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198507765.001.0001","volume-title":"The hardness of metals","author":"D Tabor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tabor, D. The Hardness of Metals (Oxford University Press, 2000)."},{"key":"94333_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabor, D. A simple theory of static and dynamic hardness. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, London 4 Feb 1948 (Vol. 192, No. 1029, pp. 247\u2013274). The Royal Society.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1948.0008"},{"issue":"3","key":"94333_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2812373","volume":"121","author":"G Subhash","year":"1999","unstructured":"Subhash, G., Koeppel, B. J. & Chandra, A. Dynamic indentation hardness and rate sensitivity in metals. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 121 (3), 257\u2013263 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mater. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"94333_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(65)90064-0","volume":"7","author":"CH Mok","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mok, C. H. & Duffy, J. The dynamic stress-strain relation of metals as determined from impact tests with a hard ball. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 7 (5), 355\u2013371 (1965).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"94333_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2004.03.028","volume":"52","author":"MNM Patnaik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Patnaik, M. N. M., Narasimhan, R. & Ramamurty, U. Spherical indentation response of metallic glasses. Acta Mater. 52 (11), 3335\u20133345 (2004).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"94333_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-016-0952-2","volume":"70","author":"A Saxena","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saxena, A., Rai, A. & Kumaraswamy, A. A numerical approach to investigate the effect of temperature on constraint factor of Ti alloy under static indentation conditions. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 70, 1549\u20131553 (2017).","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Inst. Met."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"94333_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(94)90407-3","volume":"189","author":"Y Tirupataiah","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tirupataiah, Y. & Sundararajan, G. The strain-rate sensitivity of flow stress and strain-hardening rate in metallic materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 189 (1\u20132), 117\u2013127 (1994).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"94333_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5416(87)90295-3","volume":"91","author":"Y Tirupataiah","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tirupataiah, Y. & Sundararajan, G. A comprehensive analysis of the static indentation process. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 91, 169\u2013180 (1987).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"issue":"10","key":"94333_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02665003","volume":"22","author":"Y Tirupataiah","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tirupataiah, Y. & Sundararajan, G. On the constraint factor associated with the indentation of work-hardening materials with a spherical ball. Metall. Trans. A. 22 (10), 2375\u20132384 (1991).","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. A"},{"issue":"23","key":"94333_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.06.034","volume":"527","author":"A Kumaraswamy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumaraswamy, A. & Rao, V. V. Effect of temperature on constraint factor of IN718 under static indentation conditions. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 527 (23), 6230\u20136234 (2010).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"issue":"3","key":"94333_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2005.06.020","volume":"54","author":"A Kumaraswamy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumaraswamy, A. & Venkataraman, B. Effect of temperature on constraint factor of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V under static indentation conditions. Scr. Mater. 54 (3), 493\u2013498 (2006).","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"94333_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom, N. & Priel, E. A Data-Driven Methodology for Obtaining the Stress\u2013Strain Curves of Metallic Materials Using Discrete Indentation Tests. Metals, 15(1), p.40. (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/met15010040"},{"key":"94333_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, A. et al. Influence of AlCoCrFeNiCuSn HEA reinforcement particles on the plastic flow behaviour of the friction stir processed composite material under constrained confined deformation conditions. Materials Today Communications, 42, p.111084. (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2024.111084"},{"issue":"7","key":"94333_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5623","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04519-1","volume":"45","author":"A Saxena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saxena, A. et al. Experimental and numerical investigation of quasi-static (10\u2009\u2013\u20093 s\u2009\u2013\u20091) fracture behavior of armor steel. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 45 (7), 5623\u20135629 (2020).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"94333_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(70)90029-3","volume":"18","author":"KL Johnson","year":"1970","unstructured":"Johnson, K. L. The correlation of indentation experiments. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 18 (2), 115\u2013126 (1970).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"94333_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(74)90034-4","volume":"16","author":"O Richmond","year":"1974","unstructured":"Richmond, O. & Morrison, H. L. ML Devenpeck sphere indentation with application to the Brinell hardness test. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 16, 75\u201382 (1974).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94333-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94333-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94333-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T19:50:08Z","timestamp":1744055408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94333-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["94333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-94333-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read and approved this manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}],"article-number":"11917"}}