{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:45:06Z","timestamp":1785332706592,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Space Agency","award":["MTMDM000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTMDM000002"]}]},{"name":"Australian Space Agency","award":["MTMDM000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTMDM000002"]}]},{"name":"Australian Space Agency","award":["MTMDM000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTMDM000002"]}]},{"name":"Australian Space Agency","award":["MTMDM000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTMDM000002"]}]},{"name":"Australian Space Agency","award":["MTMDM000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTMDM000002"]}]},{"name":"Australian Space Agency","award":["MTMDM000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTMDM000002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95322-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:01:47Z","timestamp":1744693307000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Rapid tactical deployment capability of a transportable optical ground station"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ayden","family":"McCann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Maron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gozzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"McSorley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha","family":"Schediwy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"95322_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon, C. E. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27, 379\u2013423 (1948).","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"95322_CR2","unstructured":"Dochhan, A. et al. 13.16 tbit\/s free-space optical transmission over 10.45 km for geostationary satellite feeder-links. In Photonic Networks; 20th ITG-Symposium, 1\u20133 (VDE, 2019)."},{"key":"95322_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2603518","volume":"19","author":"H Kaushal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaushal, H. & Kaddoum, G. Optical communication in space: Challenges and mitigation techniques. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 19, 57\u201396 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"95322_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1981.12049","volume":"69","author":"LJ Ippolito","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ippolito, L. J. Radio propagation for space communications systems. Proc. IEEE 69, 697\u2013727 (1981).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"95322_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1968.6572","volume":"56","author":"JW Strohbehn","year":"1968","unstructured":"Strohbehn, J. W. Line-of-sight wave propagation through the turbulent atmosphere. Proc. IEEE 56, 1301\u20131318 (1968).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"95322_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moll, F. & Knapek, M. Wavelength selection criteria and link availability due to cloud coverage statistics and attenuation affecting satellite, aerial, and downlink scenarios. In Free-Space Laser Communications VII, vol. 6709, 347\u2013358 (SPIE, 2007).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.734269"},{"key":"95322_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.636696","volume":"9","author":"Y Saito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saito, Y. et al. Research and development of a transportable optical ground station in nict: The results of the first performance test. Front. Phys. 9, 636696 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"95322_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, A. & Brechtelsbauer, M. Transportable optical ground station for high-speed free-space laser communication. In Laser Communication and Propagation through the Atmosphere and Oceans, vol. 8517, 44\u201352 (SPIE, 2012).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.928966"},{"key":"95322_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saucke, K. et al. The tesat transportable adaptive optical ground station. In Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXVIII, vol. 9739, 37\u201347 (SPIE, 2016).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2218275"},{"key":"95322_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.7.001148","volume":"7","author":"C Fuchs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fuchs, C. & Moll, F. Ground station network optimization for space-to-ground optical communication links. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 7, 1148\u20131159 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"95322_CR11","unstructured":"Rattenbury, N. J. et al. Update on the german and australasian optical ground station networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.13282 (2024)."},{"key":"95322_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31179","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3059641","volume":"9","author":"E Erdogan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erdogan, E. et al. Site diversity in downlink optical satellite networks through ground station selection. IEEE Access 9, 31179\u201331190 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"95322_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birch, M., Mart\u00ednez, N., Bennet, F., Copeland, M. & Grosse, D. The mount stromlo optical communication ground station. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS), 134\u2013137 (IEEE, 2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS53063.2022.9749736"},{"key":"95322_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics11070633","volume":"11","author":"A McCann","year":"2024","unstructured":"McCann, A. et al. Demonstration of a low-swap terminal for ground-to-air single-mode fiber coupled laser links. Photonics 11, 633 (2024).","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"95322_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22027-0","volume":"12","author":"SM Walsh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walsh, S. M. et al. Demonstration of 100 gbps coherent free-space optical communications at leo tracking rates. Sci. Rep. 12, 18345 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"95322_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moll, F. et al. Demonstration of high-rate laser communications from fast airborne platform: flight campaign and results. In Unmanned\/Unattended Sensors and Sensor Networks X, vol. 9248, 181\u2013186 (SPIE, 2014).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2067248"},{"key":"95322_CR17","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. Demonstration of a bidirectional coherent air-to-ground optical link. In Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXX, vol. 10524, 120\u2013134 (SPIE, 2018)."},{"key":"95322_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463318000401","volume":"71","author":"F Pierros","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pierros, F. Stand-alone celestial navigation positioning method. J. Navigat. 71, 1344\u20131362 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Navigat."},{"key":"95322_CR19","unstructured":"SmartSat CRC. Smartsat and university of western australia demonstrate optical communications to defence (2023). Accessed: 2024-09-21."},{"key":"95322_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17332-z","volume":"11","author":"MA Steindorfer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steindorfer, M. A. et al. Daylight space debris laser ranging. Nat. Commun. 11, 3735 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"95322_CR21","unstructured":"CIE, S. Spitial distribution of daylight-cie stndard general sky. CIE S 011.1\/E (2003)."},{"key":"95322_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063773712050015","volume":"38","author":"E Anderson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anderson, E. & Francis, C. Xhip: An extended hipparcos compilation. Astron. Lett. 38, 331\u2013346 (2012).","journal-title":"Astron. Lett."},{"key":"95322_CR23","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Weather observations for perth airport (2024)."},{"key":"95322_CR24","unstructured":"Brassard, G. & Bennett, C. H. Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing. In International conference on computers, systems and signal processing, 175\u2013179 (1984)."},{"key":"95322_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7904","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237904","volume":"21","author":"DR Gozzard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gozzard, D. R., Walsh, S. & Weinhold, T. Vulnerability of satellite quantum key distribution to disruption from ground-based lasers. Sensors 21, 7904 (2021).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"95322_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prell, J. et al. Optical ground station oberpfaffenhofen next generation: first satellite link tests with 80 cm telescope and ao system. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS), 42\u201348 (IEEE, 2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS59710.2023.10491207"},{"key":"95322_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6diger, B. & Schmidt, C. In-orbit demonstration of the world\u2019s smallest laser communication terminal-osiris4cubesat\/cubelct. In Small Satellites Systems and Services-The 4S Symposium 2024 (2024).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3060897"},{"key":"95322_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs, C. et al. Osirisv1 on flying laptop: Measurement results and outlook. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS), 1\u20135 (2019).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS45490.2019.8978984"},{"key":"95322_CR29","unstructured":"Schwarz, R. T., Knopp, M. T., Le Son, H., K\u00f6hler, A. & Knopp, A. Optical ground station for free-space optical communication research and experimentation. In Photonic Networks; 24th ITG-Symposium, 1\u20134 (VDE, 2023)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-95322-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-95322-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-95322-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:01:59Z","timestamp":1744693319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-95322-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["95322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-95322-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5279168\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12026"}}