{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:13:33Z","timestamp":1782130413747,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology within Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) programme","award":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"]}]},{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology within Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) programme","award":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"]}]},{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology within Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) programme","award":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"]}]},{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology within Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) programme","award":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"]}]},{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology within Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) programme","award":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSP 504\/04496\/1101\/45.01000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Proximal phalanx (P1) fractures in horses are relatively common, and present significant treatment challenges, especially when the fractures are comminuted or infected. An innovative treatment approach includes attaching an external fixator to the third metacarpal bone (MC III), the healthy bone above fracture, to offload the injured P1 and protect it from load\u2013bearing forces, particularly during post\u2013surgical standing up. This study aims to develop the favourable mathematical and numerical models for screws configuration in this external fixator. Nine configurations (I-IX), varying in screw alignment and number, were investigated based on the experimental data from computed tomography and simulations of compression tests. Cortical and trabecular tissues were modelled as a nonlinear viscoelastic continuum, with material constants identified through uniaxial compression and stress relaxation tests. The best attachment of the external fixator was analysed in terms of stresses and strains in both trabecular and cortical bone, as well as stresses in screws. Configuration II (1 diaphysis screw, 4 distal metaphysis screws at 7\u00b0) and III (1 diaphysis screw, 4 distal metaphysis screws at 14\u00b0) were identified as mostly biomechanically favourable. This external stabilization approach could potentially reduce the rate of post\u2013surgical failure often leading to horse euthanasia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95577-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T09:35:26Z","timestamp":1745055326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Innovative approach in the treatment of comminuted proximal phalanx fractures in horses based on biomechanical modelling"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bernard","family":"Turek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Pawlikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Jasi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Domino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"95577_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12094","volume":"46","author":"MRW Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith, M. R. W. & Wright, I. M. Radiographic configuration and healing of 121 fractures of the proximal phalanx in 120 thoroughbred racehorses (2007\u20132011). Equine Vet. J. 46, 81\u201387 (2014).","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"95577_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12707","volume":"49","author":"MRW Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith, M. R. W., Corletto, F. C. & Wright, I. M. Parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in thoroughbred racehorses in the UK: outcome of repaired fractures in 113 cases (2007\u20132011). Equine Vet. J. 49, 784\u2013788 (2017).","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"95577_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12364","volume":"44","author":"HP Br\u00fcnisholz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Br\u00fcnisholz, H. P., Hagen, R., F\u00fcrst, A. E. & Kuemmerle, J. M. Radiographic and computed tomographic configuration of incomplete proximal fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses not used for racing. Vet. Surg. 44, 809\u2013815 (2015).","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"95577_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12431","volume":"29","author":"JM Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams, J. M. & Santschi, E. M. Pathological fracture through a subchondral bone cyst in the proximal phalanx of a horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 29, 299\u2013303 (2017).","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"95577_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102053","volume":"174","author":"RJ Reardon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reardon, R. J., Boden, L., Stirk, A. J. & Parkin, T. D. H. Accuracy of distal limb fracture diagnosis at British racecourses 1999\u20132005. Vet. Rec. 174, 477\u2013477 (2014).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"95577_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, D. W. Factures of the proximal phalanx in Equine Fracture Repair (ed Nixon, A. J.), 295\u2013319 (Wiley, 2020).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119108757.ch19"},{"key":"95577_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13232","volume":"32","author":"C Heer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heer, C., F\u00fcrst, A. E., Del Chicca, F. & Jackson, M. A. Comparison of 3D-assisted surgery and Conservative methods for treatment of type III fractures of the distal phalanx in horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 32, 42\u201351 (2020).","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"95577_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12936","volume":"47","author":"G Lipreri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lipreri, G., Bladon, B. M., Giorio, M. E. & Singer, E. R. Conservative versus surgical treatment of 21 sports horses with osseous trauma in the proximal phalangeal sagittal groove diagnosed by low-field MRI. Vet. Surg. 47, 908\u2013915 (2018).","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"95577_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13965","volume":"36","author":"L Ammann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ammann, L., F\u00fcrst, A. E. & Jackson, M. A. Complete fractures through osseous cyst-like lesions of the proximal phalanx in three horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 36, 223\u2013231 (2024).","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"95577_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.7.935","volume":"241","author":"TL Sarrafian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sarrafian, T. L. et al. Fatal musculoskeletal injuries of quarter horse racehorses: 314 cases (1990\u20132007). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 241, 935\u2013942 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"95577_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00359.x","volume":"37","author":"JM Kuemmerle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuemmerle, J. M., Auer, J. A., Lischer, C. J., Bettschartwolfensberger, R. & F\u00fcrst, A. E. Short incomplete sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in ten horses not used for racing. Vet. Surg. 37, 193\u2013200 (2008).","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"95577_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13304","volume":"53","author":"JA Findley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Findley, J. A., O\u2019Neill, H. D. & Bladon, B. M. Outcome following repair of 63 sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in UK thoroughbreds using either a triangular or linear screw configuration. Equine Vet. J. 53, 524\u2013529 (2021).","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"95577_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, S. The problem of pin breakage in equine transfixation pin casting: A retrospective clinical study and biomechanical testing of four different transfixation pin designs (Doctoral dissertation, Zurich, Switzerland, University of Zurich) (2018).","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1678734"},{"key":"95577_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12578","volume":"49","author":"JD McCormick","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCormick, J. D. & Watkins, J. P. Double plate fixation for the management of proximal interphalangeal joint instability in 30 horses (1987\u20132015). Equine Vet. J. 49, 211\u2013215 (2017).","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"95577_CR15","unstructured":"Turek, B. Biomechanical investigation in vitro on the possibilities of using carbon screw in the treatment of proximal phalanx in horses. Doctoral dissertation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (2000)."},{"key":"95577_CR16","unstructured":"Mergl, M. B. Ex vivo study of proximal phalanx sagittal fracture fixation with two different screw implants in cadaver horses. Doctoral dissertation, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest (2022)."},{"key":"95577_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortved, K. F. & Richardson, D. W. Complications of equine orthopedic surgery in Complications in Equine Surgery (eds Rubio-Martinez, L. M. & Hendrickson, D. A.) 629\u2013666 (Wiley, 2021).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119190332.ch46"},{"key":"95577_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102426","volume":"176","author":"CE Wylie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wylie, C. E., Newton, J. R., Bathe, A. P. & Payne, R. J. Prevalence of supporting limb laminitis in a UK equine practice and referral hospital setting between 2005 and 2013: implications for future epidemiological studies. Vet. Rec. 176, 72\u201372 (2015).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"95577_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815588604","volume":"52","author":"JB Engiles","year":"2015","unstructured":"Engiles, J. B. et al. D. Osteopathology in the equine distal phalanx associated with the development and progression of laminitis. Vet. Pathol. 52, 928\u2013944 (2015).","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"95577_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9020044","volume":"9","author":"S Springer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Springer, S., Jenner, F., Tichy, A. & Grimm, H. Austrian veterinarians\u2019 attitudes to euthanasia in equine practice. Animals 9, 44 (2019).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"95577_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2010.00150.x","volume":"22","author":"MM Misheff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Misheff, M. M., Alexander, G. R. & Hirst, G. R. Management of fractures in endurance horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 22, 623\u2013630 (2010).","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"95577_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13314","volume":"49","author":"MF Bryner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bryner, M. F., Hoey, S. E., Montavon, S., F\u00fcrst, A. E. & K\u00fcmmerle, J. M. Long-term clinical and radiographic results after lag screw ostheosynthesis of short incomplete proximal sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses not used for racing. Vet. Surg. 49, 88\u201395 (2019).","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"95577_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12075.x","volume":"43","author":"F Rossignol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rossignol, F., Vitte, A. & Boening, J. Use of a modified transfixation pin cast for treatment of comminuted phalangeal fractures in horses. Vet. Surg. 43, 66\u201372 (2014).","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"95577_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.1.93","volume":"242","author":"JC Janicek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Janicek, J. C. et al. Risk factors associated with cast complications in horses: 398 cases (1997\u20132006). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 242, 93\u201398 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"95577_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00514","volume":"6","author":"C Laurenza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laurenza, C., Ansart, L. & Portier, K. Risk factors of anesthesia-related mortality and morbidity in one equine hospital: a retrospective study on 1,161 cases undergoing elective or emergency surgeries. Front. Vet. Sci. 6, 514 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"95577_CR26","first-page":"323","volume":"18","author":"B Turek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turek, B. et al. Biomechanical study in vitro on the use of self-designed external fixator in diaphyseal III metacarpal fractures in horses. PJVS 18, 323\u2013332 (2015).","journal-title":"PJVS"},{"key":"95577_CR27","first-page":"197","volume":"72","author":"B Turek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turek, B., Poty\u0144ski, A. & Drewnowska, O. Own-design external fixator for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the third metacarpal bone in horses. Med. Weter. 72, 197\u2013202 (2016).","journal-title":"Med. Weter"},{"key":"95577_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198904000-00012","volume":"241","author":"B Fleming","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fleming, B., Paley, D., Kristiansen, T. & Pope, M. A Biomechanical analysis of the Ilizarov external fixator. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 241, 95\u2013105 (1989).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"95577_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine, D. G. & Richardson, D. W. Equine Vet. J, 39, 401\u2013406 (2007).","DOI":"10.2746\/042516407X196555"},{"key":"95577_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"059","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1714411","volume":"34","author":"B Donati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Donati, B., F\u00fcrst, A. E., Del Chicca, F. & Jackson, M. A. Plate removal after internal fixation of limb fractures: a retrospective study of indications and complications in 48 horses. Vet. Comp. Orthopaed. 34, 059\u2013067 (2021).","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthopaed"},{"key":"95577_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00161-022-01161-0","volume":"35","author":"K Jankowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jankowski, K., Pawlikowski, M. & Doma\u0144ski, J. Multi-scale constitutive model of human trabecular bone. Cont. Mech. Therm. 35, 1547\u20131560 (2023).","journal-title":"Cont. Mech. Therm."},{"key":"95577_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlikowski, M. & Barcz, K. Non-linear viscoelastic constitutive model for bovine cortical bone tissue. Biocyb. Biomed. Eng. 36, 491\u2013498 (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2016.03.005"},{"key":"95577_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doll, S., Schweizerhof, K. On the development of volumetric strain energy functions. J. Appl. Mech. 67, 17\u201321 (2000).","DOI":"10.1115\/1.321146"},{"key":"95577_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1712836","volume":"11","author":"M Mooney","year":"1940","unstructured":"Mooney, M. A theory of large elastic deformation. J. Appl. Phys. 11, 582\u2013592 (1940).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"95577_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11043-013-9208-2","volume":"18","author":"M Pawlikowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pawlikowski, M. Non-linear approach in visco-hyperelastic constitutive modelling of polyurethane nanocomposite. Mech. Time Depend. Mater. 18, 1\u201320 (2014).","journal-title":"Mech. Time Depend. Mater."},{"key":"95577_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199309000-00011","volume":"75","author":"TD Brown","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brown, T. D., Pedersen, D. R., Baker, K. J. & Brand, R. A. Mechanical consequences of core drilling and bone-grafting on osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 75, 1358\u20131367 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"95577_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-011-9090-x","volume":"9","author":"LC Jones","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jones, L. C. & Allen, M. R. Animal models of osteonecrosis. Clin. Rev. Bone Min. Metab. 9, 63\u201380 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Min. Metab."},{"key":"95577_CR38","first-page":"319","volume":"64","author":"H Kirk","year":"1952","unstructured":"Kirk, H. Modern methods of fracture repair in large and small animals. Vet. Rec. 64, 319\u2013329 (1952).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"95577_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1986.tb00242.x","volume":"5","author":"DM Nunamaker","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nunamaker, D. M., Richardson, D. W., Butterwec, D. M., Provost, M. T. & Sigerfos, R. D. A new external skeletal fixation device that allows immediate full weightbearing application in the horse. Vet. Surg. 5, 345\u2013355 (1986).","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"95577_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02709.x","volume":"23","author":"F Nemeth","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nemeth, F. & Back, W. The use of the walking cast to repair fractures in horses and ponies. Equine Vet. J. 23, 32\u201336 (1991).","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"95577_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.11.1160","volume":"68","author":"JR Zacharias","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zacharias, J. R., Lescun, T. B., Moore, G. E. & Van Sickle, D. C. Comparison of insertion characteristics of two types of hydroxyapatite-coated and uncoated positive profile transfixation pins in the third metacarpal bone of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 68, 1160\u20131166 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"95577_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.9.1340","volume":"230","author":"TB Lescun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lescun, T. B. et al. Evaluation of transfixation casting for treatment of third metacarpal, third metatarsal, and phalangeal fractures in horses: 37 cases (1994\u20132004). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 230, 1340\u20131349 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"95577_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watts, A. E. & Fortier, L. A. Casting and transfixation casting techniques in Equine fracture repair, Equine Fracture Repair (ed Nixon, A. J.) 188\u2013218 (Wiley, (2020).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119108757.ch13"},{"key":"95577_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.10.026","volume":"190","author":"S Brianza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brianza, S., Brighenti, V., Lansdowne, J. L., Schwieger, K. & Bour\u00e9, L. Finite element analysis of a novel pin-sleeve system for external fixation of distal limb fractures in horses. Vet. J. 190, 260\u2013267 (2011).","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"95577_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3399576","volume":"33","author":"TB Lescun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lescun, T. B., Adams, S. B., Main, R. P., Nauman, E. A. & Breur, G. J. Finite element analysis of six transcortical pin parameters and their effect on bone\u2013Pin interface stresses in the equine third metacarpal bone. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 33, 121\u2013129 (2020).","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"95577_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taml.2024.100544","volume":"14","author":"J Lei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei, J., Li, Z., Su, H., Li, S. & Liu, Z. Investigating the mechanical properties of cortical bone under dynamic torsional loading. Theor. Appl. Mech. Lett. 14, 100544 (2024).","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"95577_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-08-01-0001","volume":"22","author":"JM Kuemmerle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuemmerle, J. M., Kummer, M., Auer, J. A., Nitzl, D. & F\u00fcrst, A. E. Locking compression plate osteosynthesis of complicated mandibular fractures in six horses. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 22, 54\u201358 (2009).","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"95577_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.3390\/app9132624","volume":"9","author":"B Turek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turek, B., Drewnowska, O. & Kap\u0142an, M. External unilateral fixator of own design for the treatment of selected mandibular fractures in horses. Appl. Sci. 9, 2624 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"95577_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(72)80007-X","volume":"4","author":"AN Hughes","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hughes, A. N. & Jordan, B. A. The mechanical properties of surgical bone screws and some aspects of insertion practice. Injury 4, 25\u201338 (1972).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"95577_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1243\/EMED_JOUR_1974_003_012_02","volume":"3","author":"AN Hughes","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hughes, A. N. & Jordan, B. A. Some mechanical properties of surgical bone screws of French manufacture (Stainless Steel) and Uk manufacture (Titanium Alloy). Eng. Med. 3, 3\u20135 (1974).","journal-title":"Eng. Med."},{"key":"95577_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02304","volume":"209","author":"JG Skedros","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skedros, J. G., Dayton, M. R., Sybrowsky, C. L., Bloebaum, R. D. & Bachus, K. N. The influence of collagen fiber orientation and other histocompositional characteristics on the mechanical properties of equine cortical bone. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 3025\u20133042 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"95577_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.02.004","volume":"34","author":"K T\u00fcfekci","year":"2014","unstructured":"T\u00fcfekci, K., Kayacan, R. & Kurbano\u011flu, C. Effects of gamma radiation sterilization and strain rate on compressive behavior of equine cortical bone. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 34, 231\u2013242 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"95577_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130609","volume":"13","author":"VA Gibson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gibson, V. A. et al. V. Fatigue behavior of the equine third metacarpus: mechanical property analysis. J. Orthop. Res. 13, 861\u2013868 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"95577_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31576","volume":"86A","author":"P Zioupos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zioupos, P., Gresle, M. & Winwood, K. Fatigue strength of human cortical bone: age, physical, and material heterogeneity effects. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. Part. A. 86A, 627\u2013636 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mat. Res. Part. A"},{"key":"95577_CR55","first-page":"491","volume":"36","author":"M Pawlikowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pawlikowski, M. & Barcz, K. Non-linear viscoelastic constitutive model for bovine cortical bone tissue. Biocyb. Biomed. Eng. 36, 491\u2013498 (2016).","journal-title":"Biocyb. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"95577_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2485\/jhtb.28.315","volume":"28","author":"C Piao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piao, C., Li, Z., Ding, J. & Kong, D. Bone viscoelastic properties in an animal model with osteoporosis after BMSC-Alendronate sodium intervention. J. Hard Tissue Biol. 28, 315\u2013320 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hard Tissue Biol."},{"key":"95577_CR57","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"SR Kommidi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kommidi, S. R., Kim, Y. R. & Kim, D. G. Modeling of viscoelastic deformation and rate-dependent fracture damage in rat bone. Int. J. Damage Mech. 0, 1\u201324 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Damage Mech."},{"key":"95577_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2022.108883","volume":"276","author":"P Merot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merot, P. et al. Fatigue strength and life assessment of L-PBF 316L stainless steel showing process and corrosion related defects. Eng. Fract. Mech. 276, 108883 (2022).","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"95577_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214836","volume":"13","author":"Y Okazaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okazaki, Y., Hayakawa, E., Tanahashi, K. & Mori, J. Mechanical performance of metallic bone screws evaluated using bone models. Materials (Basel) 13, 4836 (2020).","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"95577_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.07.024","volume":"36","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Materials evolution of bone plates for internal fixation of bone fractures: A review. J. Mat. Sci. Technol. 36, 190\u2013208 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mat. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"95577_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2020.106111","volume":"145","author":"W Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, W., Spatig, P. & Seifert, H. P. Role of mean stress on fatigue behavior of a 316L austenitic stainless steel in LWR and air environments. Int. J. Fatigue. 145, 106111 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"95577_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2020.106063","volume":"144","author":"R Shrestha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shrestha, R., Simsiriwong, J. & Shamsaei, N. Fatigue behavior of additive manufactured 316L stainless steel under axial versus rotating-bending loading: synergistic effects of stress gradient, surface roughness, and volumetric defects. Int. J. Fatigue. 144, 106063 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"95577_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-015-0669-x","volume":"15","author":"X Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. W. A mechanostatistical approach to cortical bone remodelling: an equine model. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 15, 29\u201342 (2016).","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"95577_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00364-0","volume":"36","author":"C Fleck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fleck, C. & Eifler, D. Deformation behaviour and damage accumulation of cortical bone specimens from the equine tibia under cyclic loading. J. Biomech. 36, 179\u2013189 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-95577-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-95577-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-95577-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T11:02:16Z","timestamp":1745060536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-95577-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["95577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-95577-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13562"}}