{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:52:13Z","timestamp":1792266733171,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96347-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T08:07:07Z","timestamp":1744272427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Wealth-related inequalities of women\u2019s cervical cancer screening in 11 Sub-Saharan African countries: evidence from a pooled decomposition analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Beminate Lemma","family":"Seifu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohannes Mekuria","family":"Negussie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angwach Abrham","family":"Asnake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiwot Atlaye","family":"Asebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bezawit Melak","family":"Fente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zufan Alamrie","family":"Asmare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamaru","family":"Melkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meklit Melaku","family":"Bezie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu Kasu","family":"Gebrehana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sintayehu Simie","family":"Tsega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"96347_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae084","volume":"34","author":"M Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, M. et al. Analysis of the global burden of cervical cancer in young women aged 15\u201344 years old. Eur. J. Public Health 34 (4), 839\u2013846 (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pub. Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"96347_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.081","volume":"32","author":"C Dochez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dochez, C., Bogers, J. J., Verhelst, R. & Rees, H. HPV vaccines to prevent cervical cancer and genital warts: an update. Vaccine 32 (14), 1595\u20131601 (2014).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"96347_CR3","unstructured":"Cervical Cancer [Internet]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cervical-cancer?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwg-24BhB_EiwA1ZOx8kEk2fUG8p3BN6YZ_x6P1O5NFQwJPA-YWLDJzt1wp6EXDakzQSIOjhoCjZ0QAvD_BwE (2024)."},{"key":"96347_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100812","volume":"36","author":"M Almonte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almonte, M. et al. From commitments to action: the first global cervical cancer elimination forum. Lancet Reg. Health Americas 36, 812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100812 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Americas"},{"key":"96347_CR5","unstructured":"Global Forum Strengthens Commitments Towards Cervical Cancer Elimination\u2014NCI [Internet]. https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-nci\/organization\/cgh\/blog\/2024\/global-cervical-cancer-forum#r2 (2024)."},{"issue":"2","key":"96347_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00501-0","volume":"11","author":"D Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, D. et al. Global estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2020: a baseline analysis of the WHO global cervical cancer elimination initiative. Lancet Glob. Health 11 (2), e197\u2013e206 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"96347_CR7","first-page":"e31312","volume":"14","author":"S Basoya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basoya, S. & Anjankar, A. Cervical cancer: early detection and prevention in reproductive age group. Cureus 14 (11), e31312 (2022).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"96347_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1200\/JGO.2016.008151","volume":"3","author":"S Arrossi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arrossi, S. et al. Primary prevention of cervical cancer: American society of clinical oncology Resource-Stratified guideline. J. Glob. Oncol. 3 (5), 611\u2013634 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Glob Oncol."},{"key":"96347_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Strategy to Accelerate the Elimination of Cervical Cancer as a Public Health Problem (World Health Organization, 2020)."},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01159-7","volume":"19","author":"RA Mahumud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahumud, R. A. et al. Wealth-related inequalities of women\u2019s knowledge of cervical cancer screening and service utilisation in 18 resource-constrained countries: evidence from a pooled decomposition analysis. Int. J. Equity Health. 19 (1), 42 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"96347_CR11","unstructured":"Cervical Cancer Screening\u2014NCI [Internet]. https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/cervical\/screening (2022)."},{"issue":"8","key":"96347_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00241-8","volume":"10","author":"L Bruni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bruni, L. et al. Cervical cancer screening programmes and age-specific coverage estimates for 202 countries and territories worldwide: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 10 (8), e1115\u2013e1127 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11793-7","volume":"21","author":"M Emadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emadi, M., Delavari, S. & Bayati, M. Global socioeconomic inequality in the burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases and injuries: an analysis on global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Public Health. 21 (1), 1771 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"96347_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e067948","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067948","volume":"13","author":"D Chipanta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chipanta, D. et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in cervical precancer screening among women in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe: analysis of population-based HIV impact assessment surveys. BMJ Open 13 (6), e067948 (2023).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17842-1","volume":"24","author":"F Mantula","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mantula, F., Toefy, Y. & Sewram, V. Barriers to cervical cancer screening in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 24 (1), 525 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"96347_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300385","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.23.00385","volume":"10","author":"DB Abila","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abila, D. B. et al. Coverage and socioeconomic inequalities in cervical cancer screening in low- and middle-income countries between 2010 and 2019. JCO Glob. Oncol. 10, e2300385 (2024).","journal-title":"JCO Glob Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-02043-y","volume":"22","author":"Z Petersen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petersen, Z. et al. Barriers to uptake of cervical cancer screening services in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Women\u2019s Health 22 (1), 486 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13750-4","volume":"22","author":"GC Chirwa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chirwa, G. C. Explaining socioeconomic inequality in cervical cancer screening uptake in Malawi. BMC Public Health 22 (1), 1376 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"96347_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300385","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.23.00385","volume":"10","author":"DB Abila","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abila, D. B. et al. Coverage and socioeconomic inequalities in cervical cancer screening in low- and middle-income countries between 2010 and 2019. JCO Glob. Oncol. 10, e2300385 (2024).","journal-title":"JCO Glob. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"96347_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6441","volume":"26","author":"L Viens","year":"2017","unstructured":"Viens, L., Perin, D., Senkomago, V., Neri, A. & Saraiya, M. Questions about cervical and breast cancer screening knowledge, practice, and outcomes: A review of demographic and health surveys. J. Women\u2019s Health. 26 (5), 403\u2013412 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"96347_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.052357","volume":"86","author":"K Xu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xu, K. Analysing health equity using household survey data: a guide to techniques and their implementation. Bull. World Health Organ. 86, 816 (2008).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"96347_CR22","unstructured":"Croft, T. N. et al. Guide To DHS Statistics (ICFCroft, 2023)."},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(96)01807-6","volume":"77","author":"N Kakwani","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kakwani, N., Wagstaff, A. & Van Doorslaer, E. Socioeconomic inequalities in health: measurement, computation, and statistical inference. J. Econ. 77 (1), 87\u2013103 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Econ."},{"key":"96347_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yitzhaki, S. & Schechtman, E. The Lorenz Curve and the Concentration Curve 75\u201398 (Springer, 2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4720-7_5"},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1601600112","volume":"16","author":"O O\u2019Donnell","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, O., O\u2019Neill, S., Van Ourti, T., Walsh, B. & Conindex Estimation of concentration indices. Stata J. 16 (1), 112\u2013138 (2016).","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"issue":"4","key":"96347_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.953","volume":"14","author":"A Wagstaff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wagstaff, A. The bounds of the concentration index when the variable of interest is binary, with an application to immunization inequality. Health Econ. 14 (4), 429\u2013432 (2005).","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"issue":"7","key":"96347_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4515","volume":"31","author":"JE Ataguba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ataguba, J. E. A short note revisiting the concentration index: does the normalization of the concentration index matter? Health Econ. 31 (7), 1506\u20131512 (2022).","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"96347_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, O. et al. Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data. Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data (2007).","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-6933-3"},{"issue":"8","key":"96347_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255581","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255581","volume":"16","author":"M Keetile","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keetile, M. et al. Factors associated with and socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening among women aged 15\u201364 years in Botswana. PLoS ONE 16 (8), e0255581 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"96347_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Guo, J., Zhu, G., Zhang, B. & Feng, X. L. Changes in rate and socioeconomic inequality of cervical cancer screening in Northeastern China from 2013 to 2018. Front. Med. 9, 1 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09055-w","volume":"23","author":"KS Dickson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dickson, K. S., Boateng, E. N. K., Acquah, E., Ayebeng, C. & Addo, I. Y. Screening for cervical cancer among women in five countries in sub-saharan Africa: analysis of the role played by distance to health facility and socio-demographic factors. BMC Health Serv. Res. 23 (1), 61 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03367-7","volume":"24","author":"SA Saaka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saaka, S. A. & Hambali, M. Factors associated with cervical cancer screening among women of reproductive age in Ghana. BMC Women\u2019s Health 24 (1), 519 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08777-4","volume":"20","author":"BE Lott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lott, B. E. et al. Interventions to increase uptake of cervical screening in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review using the integrated behavioral model. BMC Public Health 20 (1), 654 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"96347_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13462","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13462","volume":"1","author":"D Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Access to digital media and devices among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: A multicountry, school-based survey. Maternal Child. Nutr. 1, e13462 (2023).","journal-title":"Maternal Child. Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"96347_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyp023","volume":"24","author":"JO Anderson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anderson, J. O., Mullins, R. M., Siahpush, M., Spittal, M. J. & Wakefield, M. Mass media campaign improves cervical screening across all socio-economic groups. Health Educ. Res. 24 (5), 867\u2013875 (2009).","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"96347_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)","year":"2022","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). Health information: are you getting your message across? Health Soc. Care Serv. Res. 1, 1\u201311 (2022).","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Serv. Res."},{"key":"96347_CR37","unstructured":"Collegenp Money and Health: The Impact of Wealth on Well-Being (2023)."},{"key":"96347_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144042","volume":"29","author":"H Levy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levy, H. & Meltzer, D. The impact of health insurance on health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 29, 399\u2013409 (2008).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"96347_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2013.825668","volume":"18","author":"I Van Der Heide","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Der Heide, I. et al. The relationship between health, education, and health literacy: results from the Dutch adult literacy and life skills survey. J. Health Commun. 18, 172\u2013184 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Health Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-022-00890-w","volume":"18","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Associated factors and global adherence of cervical cancer screening in 2019: a systematic analysis and modelling study. Glob. Health 18 (1), 101 (2022).","journal-title":"Globalization Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"96347_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200359","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.22.00359","volume":"9","author":"EJ Akoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akoto, E. J. & Allsop, M. J. Factors influencing the experience of breast and cervical cancer screening among women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. JCO Glob. Oncol. 9 (9), e2200359 (2023).","journal-title":"JCO Global Oncol."},{"key":"96347_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.04.014","volume":"195","author":"NB Yimer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yimer, N. B. et al. Cervical cancer screening uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 195, 105\u2013111 (2021).","journal-title":"Public. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"96347_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/16.2.207","volume":"16","author":"SC Ratzan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ratzan, S. C. Health literacy: communication for the public good. Health Promot. Int. 16 (2), 207\u2013214 (2001).","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7381-1","volume":"19","author":"O Garcia-Codina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcia-Codina, O. et al. Determinants of health literacy in the general population: results of the Catalan health survey. BMC Public Health 19 (1), 1122 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"96347_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003183","volume":"4","author":"RN Kassa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kassa, R. N., Shifti, D. M., Alemu, K. & Omigbodun, A. O. Integration of cervical cancer screening into healthcare facilities in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. PLoS Glob. Public Health 4, e0003183 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"96347_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21070872","volume":"21","author":"J Chepkorir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chepkorir, J. et al. The role of health information sources on cervical cancer literacy, knowledge, attitudes and screening practices in Sub-Saharan African women: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 21, 1 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"96347_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7867-x","volume":"19","author":"NI Ebu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ebu, N. I., Amissah-Essel, S., Asiedu, C., Akaba, S. & Pereko, K. A. Impact of health education intervention on knowledge and perception of cervical cancer and screening for women in Ghana. BMC Public Health. 19 (1), 1505 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"96347_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3883","volume":"25","author":"K Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, K. & Han, H. R. Potential links between health literacy and cervical cancer screening behaviors: A systematic review. Psycho-Oncology 25 (2), 122\u2013130 (2016).","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"96347_CR49","unstructured":"Direito, B. A. Social Networks as Influencers of Health Behavior Change 1\u20136 (2021)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96347-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96347-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96347-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T08:07:20Z","timestamp":1744272440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96347-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["96347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-96347-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study doesn\u2019t involve the collection of information from subjects. Consent to participate is not applicable. Since the study is a secondary data analysis based on DHS data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"12289"}}