{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T13:23:18Z","timestamp":1788009798445,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96604-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T03:56:01Z","timestamp":1744084561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of the results of 13 combined pathogen detection in 3966 hospitalised children with acute lower respiratory tract infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qunshan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"96604_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","volume":"388","author":"L Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, L. et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u201315: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the sustainable development goals. Lancet 388, 3027\u20133035 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"96604_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30408-X","volume":"7","author":"DA McAllister","year":"2019","unstructured":"McAllister, D. A. et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: A systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 7, e47\u2013e57 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"96604_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05442","volume":"444","author":"YW Lim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lim, Y. W. et al. Reducing the global burden of acute lower respiratory infections in children: The contribution of new diagnostics. Nat. J. 444(Suppl 1), 9\u201318 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. J."},{"key":"96604_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405870","volume":"372","author":"S Jain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jain, S. et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 835\u2013845 (2015).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"96604_CR5","first-page":"1362","volume-title":"Practical Paediatrics","author":"TY Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, T. Y., Shen, K. L. & Shen, Y. Z. Practical Paediatrics 9th edn, 1362\u20131363 (People\u2019s Medical Publishing House, 2022).","edition":"9"},{"key":"96604_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.05.011","volume":"173","author":"MIK Imran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Imran, M. I. K., Inshafi, M. U. A., Sheikh, R., Chowdhury, M. A. B. & Uddin, M. J. Risk factors for acute respiratory infection in children younger than five years in Bangladesh. Public Health 173, 112\u2013119 (2019).","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"96604_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.08.014","volume":"75","author":"TO Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, T. O., Huang, W. T., Chen, M. H., Huang, K. A. & Chen, P. C. Sex differences in common childhood infections in Taiwan. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 75, 115\u2013117 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"96604_CR8","volume":"17","author":"CD Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan, C. D. et al. Sex differences in febrile children with respiratory symptoms attending European emergency departments: An observational multicenter study. PLoS ONE 17, e0271934 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"96604_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2019.03.013","volume":"269","author":"MR Etemadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Etemadi, M. R. et al. Diversity of respiratory viruses detected among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections at Hospital Serdang, Malaysia. J. Virol. Methods 269, 1\u20136 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"96604_CR10","volume":"95","author":"Y Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan, Y. et al. High incidence of the virus among respiratory pathogens in children with lower respiratory tract infection in northwestern China. J. Med. Virol. 95, e28367 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"96604_CR11","first-page":"1507","volume":"44","author":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China, 2023\u20132024. Chin. J. Epidemiol. 44, 1507\u20131530 (2023).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"96604_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.180063","volume":"24","author":"J Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Variation in influenza B virus epidemiology by lineage, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 24, 1536\u20131540 (2018).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"96604_CR13","volume":"95","author":"Q Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye, Q., Liu, H. H., Mao, J. H. & Shu, Q. Nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 disrupt the dynamic balance between influenza A virus and human immunity. J. Med. Virol. 95, e28292 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"96604_CR14","volume":"151","author":"T Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi, T. & Huang, L. L. Prevalence of respiratory pathogens and risk of developing pneumonia under non-pharmaceutical interventions in Suzhou, China. Epidemiol. Infect. 151, e82 (2023).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"96604_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.10.002","volume":"137","author":"H Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye, H. et al. Epidemiology, genetic characteristics, and association with meteorological factors of human metapneumovirus infection in children in southern China: A 10-year retrospective study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 137, 40\u201347 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"96604_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.08.007","volume":"37","author":"H Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, H. et al. Clinical characteristics and molecular epidemiology of human metapneumovirus in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in China, 2017 to 2019: A multicentre prospective observational study. Virol. Sin. 37, 874\u2013882 (2022).","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"96604_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-012420-022445","volume":"7","author":"M Moriyama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moriyama, M., Hugentobler, W. J. & Iwasaki, A. Seasonality of respiratory viral infections. Annu. Rev. Virol. 7, 83\u2013101 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"96604_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1422-1","volume":"15","author":"KP Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, K. P., Jia, R. Q., Li, L., Yang, C. K. & Shi, Y. The aetiology of community associated pneumonia in children in Nanjing, China and aetiological patterns associated with age and season. BMC Public Health 15, 113 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"96604_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-149","volume":"9","author":"Y Xing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xing, Y. et al. Dynamic change of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in hospitalized children in a general hospital: A 3-year retrospective analysis. Transl. Pediatr. 9, 522\u2013531 (2020).","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"96604_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33627-9","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Yang, T., Zou, M. J., Wang, L. L. & Sai, L. T. The epidemiological features of respiratory tract infection using the multiplex panels detection during COVID-19 pandemic in Shandong province, China. Sci. Rep. 13, 6319 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"96604_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020564","volume":"17","author":"CY Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, C. Y. et al. Increased detection of viruses in children with respiratory tract infection using PCR. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 564 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"96604_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306234","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1306234","volume":"11","author":"Z Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, Z. et al. Global research trends of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: A bibliometric analysis. Front. Pediatr. 11, 1306234 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"96604_CR23","volume":"151","author":"CY Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, C. Y. et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness among children: 2011\u20132020. Pediatrics 151, e2022059922 (2023).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"96604_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01475-y","volume":"18","author":"G Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu, G. et al. Epidemiological characteristics of four common respiratory viral infections in children. Virol. J. 18, 10 (2021).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"96604_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01705-x","volume":"18","author":"CY Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, C. Y. et al. Clinical features and epidemiological analysis of respiratory human adenovirus infection in hospitalized children: A cross-sectional study in Zhejiang. Virol. J. 18, 234 (2021).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"96604_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-03840-6","volume":"23","author":"L Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Analysis of the typing of adenovirus and its clinical characteristics in children with acute respiratory tract infection. BMC Pediatr. 23, 25 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"96604_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00630-8","volume":"24","author":"B Cong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cong, B. et al. Changes in the global hospitalisation burden of respiratory syncytial virus in young children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, 361\u2013374 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"96604_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03693-x","volume":"38","author":"WK Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, W. K. et al. Paramyxoviruses respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and human metapneumovirus infection in pediatric hospitalized patients and climate correlation in a subtropical region of southern China: A 7-year survey. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 38, 2355\u20132364 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"96604_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00015-11","volume":"24","author":"V Schildgen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schildgen, V. et al. Human metapneumovirus: Lessons learned over the first decade. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 24, 734\u2013754 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"96604_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5894","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28073","volume":"94","author":"A Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui, A. et al. Comparative analysis of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human influenza virus versus human respiratory syncytial virus versus human metapneumovirus infection in nine provinces of China during 2009\u20132021. J. Med. Virol. 94, 5894\u20135903 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"96604_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14560","volume":"108","author":"M Honkila","year":"2019","unstructured":"Honkila, M. et al. Chlamydia trachomatis, Bordetella pertussis and other respiratory bacteria in the aetiology of lower respiratory tract infections in young infants. Acta Paediatr. 108, 173\u2013174 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"96604_CR32","volume":"12","author":"FQ Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai, F. Q., Shou, X. Y. & Ye, Q. Epidemiological study on Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of hospitalized children in a single center during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 12, 843463 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96604-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96604-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96604-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T17:08:29Z","timestamp":1744218509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96604-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["96604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-96604-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The need for informed consent was waived by the Medical Ethics Committee of Women and Children\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, given the retrospective nature of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"11936"}}