{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:20:51Z","timestamp":1789705251288,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96739-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T12:19:31Z","timestamp":1748434771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Formulation of pH responsive polymeric hydrogels for prolonged delivery of famciclovir with biosafety evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Irum","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Barkat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Faisal","family":"Badshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Umer","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal A.","family":"Shazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Metouekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssouf Ali","family":"Younous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bourhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"96739_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2021.03.016","volume":"4","author":"X Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Antiviral biomaterials. Matter 4(6), 1892\u20131918 (2021).","journal-title":"Matter"},{"issue":"3","key":"96739_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01045","volume":"18","author":"R Devarapalli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Devarapalli, R. et al. Investigation of poor solubility of a salt-cocrystal hydrate: A case study of the common-ion effect in betrixaban, an anticoagulant drug. Mol. Pharm. 18(3), 1138\u20131149 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"96739_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123305","volume":"644","author":"A Aslam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aslam, A. et al. Green synthesis of quince\/pectin cross-linked superporous hydrogel sponges for pH-regulated sustained domperidone delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 644, 123305 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"6","key":"96739_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20961046","volume":"23","author":"LR Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson, L. R. et al. Drug content on receipt and over time for compounded formulations of famciclovir. J. Feline Med. Surg. 23(6), 519\u2013525 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"96739_CR5","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"JR Semaan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Semaan, J. R. & Parmar, M. Famciclovir. In StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing, 2022)."},{"key":"96739_CR6","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"JR Semaan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Semaan, J. R. & Parmar, M. Famciclovir. In StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing, 2023)."},{"key":"96739_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.130393","volume":"656","author":"H-C Tu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tu, H.-C. et al. Buchwald-Hartwig coupled conjugated microporous polymer for efficient removal COVID-19 antiviral drug famciclovir from waters: Adsorption behavior and mechanism. Colloids Surf. A 656, 130393 (2023).","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"96739_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2023.140005","volume":"782","author":"L Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, L. et al. Study of antiviral drug Famciclovir as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid medium. Thin Solid Films 782, 140005 (2023).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"96739_CR9","first-page":"12","volume":"8","author":"S Velivela","year":"2017","unstructured":"Velivela, S. et al. Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of famciclovir floating tablets by melt granulation technique. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. 8, 12 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"issue":"29","key":"96739_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2020\/v32i2930879","volume":"32","author":"PK Rawat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rawat, P. K. et al. Formulation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of famciclovir loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for improved oral absorption. J. Pharm. Res. Int. 32(29), 1\u201317 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"issue":"9","key":"96739_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092902","volume":"27","author":"T-C Ho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ho, T.-C. et al. Hydrogels: properties and applications in biomedicine. Molecules 27(9), 2902 (2022).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"7","key":"96739_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9070523","volume":"9","author":"NH Thang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thang, N. H., Chien, T. B. & Cuong, D. X. Polymer-based hydrogels applied in drug delivery: An overview. Gels 9(7), 523 (2023).","journal-title":"Gels"},{"issue":"6","key":"96739_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.34297\/AJBSR.2021.11.001682","volume":"11","author":"H Chamkouri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chamkouri, H. & Chamkouri, M. A review of hydrogels, their properties and applications in medicine. Am. J. Biomed. Sci. Res. 11(6), 485\u2013493 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Biomed. Sci. Res."},{"key":"96739_CR14","first-page":"1987","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Hydrogels","author":"D Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, D. Recent Advances in Hydrogels 1987\u20131989 (ACS Publications, 2022)."},{"issue":"7","key":"96739_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2019.08.001","volume":"27","author":"H Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, H. et al. Thermo-sensitive hydrogels for delivering biotherapeutic molecules: A review. Saudi Pharm. J. 27(7), 990\u2013999 (2019).","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"96739_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13051164","volume":"13","author":"F Andrade","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andrade, F. et al. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels for cancer treatment: The role of pH, light, ionic strength and magnetic field. Cancers 13(5), 1164 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"10","key":"96739_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1039\/C4PY00039K","volume":"5","author":"A Pitto-Barry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pitto-Barry, A. & Barry, N. P. Pluronic\u00ae block-copolymers in medicine: from chemical and biological versatility to rationalisation and clinical advances. Polym. Chem. 5(10), 3291\u20133297 (2014).","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"issue":"16","key":"96739_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.9b00219","volume":"123","author":"A Nandy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nandy, A. et al. Structure, activity, and dynamics of human serum albumin in a crowded pluronic F127 hydrogel. J. Phys. Chem. B 123(16), 3397\u20133408 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"9","key":"96739_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092305","volume":"14","author":"CM Ninciuleanu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ninciuleanu, C. M. et al. The effects of monomer, crosslinking agent, and filler concentrations on the viscoelastic and swelling properties of poly (methacrylic acid) hydrogels: A comparison. Materials 14(9), 2305 (2021).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"96739_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.905654","volume":"23","author":"IA El-Said","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Said, I. A. et al. Baclofen novel gastroretentive extended release gellan gum superporous hydrogel hybrid system: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv. 23(1), 101\u2013112 (2016).","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"96739_CR21","unstructured":"Srinath S.et al, Vasudeva Murthy S. Role of hydrophilic polymers on gastro retentive floating drug delivery systems of famciclovir. W J P R. Volume 3, Issue 3, 4494-4507 (2014)."},{"key":"96739_CR22","first-page":"1071","volume":"61","author":"S Noreen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noreen, S. et al. Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive chemically crosslinked block copolymer [hyaluronic acid\/poloxamer 407-co-poly (methacrylic acid)] hydrogels for colon targeting. Polym. Plast. Technol. Mater. 61, 1071\u20131087 (2022).","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Mater."},{"key":"96739_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.021","volume":"108","author":"S Rasib","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rasib, S. et al. Synthesis and evaluation on pH-and temperature-responsive chitosan-p (MAA-co-NIPAM) hydrogels. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 108, 367\u2013375 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"38","key":"96739_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45312","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45312","volume":"134","author":"K Barkat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barkat, K. et al. Oxaliplatin-loaded crosslinked polymeric network of chondroitin sulfate-co-poly (methacrylic acid) for colorectal cancer: Its toxicological evaluation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 134(38), 45312 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"96739_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.067","volume":"79","author":"P Sinha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinha, P. et al. Alginate-okra gum blend beads of diclofenac sodium from aqueous template using ZnSO4 as a cross-linker. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 79, 555\u2013563 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"96739_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.10.092","volume":"181","author":"I Khalid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalid, I. et al. Synthesis and evaluation of chondroitin sulfate based hydrogels of loxoprofen with adjustable properties as controlled release carriers. Carbohyd. Polym. 181, 1169\u20131179 (2018).","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"96739_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118931","volume":"267","author":"SF Badshah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Badshah, S. F. et al. Porous and highly responsive cross-linked \u03b2-cyclodextrin based nanomatrices for improvement in drug dissolution and absorption. Life Sci. 267, 118931 (2021).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"96739_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.09.004","volume":"99","author":"HS Samanta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Samanta, H. S. & Ray, S. K. Synthesis, characterization, swelling and drug release behavior of semi-interpenetrating network hydrogels of sodium alginate and polyacrylamide. Carbohyd. Polym. 99, 666\u2013678 (2014).","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"issue":"5","key":"96739_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8050291","volume":"8","author":"SA Ghumman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghumman, S. A. et al. Synthesis of pH-sensitive cross-linked basil seed gum\/acrylic acid hydrogels by free radical copolymerization technique for sustained delivery of captopril. Gels 8(5), 291 (2022).","journal-title":"Gels"},{"issue":"1","key":"96739_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2011.10.020","volume":"50","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Banerjee, S. et al. Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel microspheres for oral controlled release application. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 50(1), 198\u2013206 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"96739_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026477","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1026477","volume":"10","author":"Y Mehmood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehmood, Y. et al. Designing of SiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles loaded with mometasone furoate for potential nasal drug delivery: Ex vivo evaluation and determination of pro-inflammatory interferon and interleukin mRNA expression. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 10, 1026477 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"96739_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40199-015-0123-8","volume":"23","author":"MF Akhtar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akhtar, M. F., Ranjha, N. M. & Hanif, M. Effect of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate on swelling and on metformin hydrochloride release behavior of chemically crosslinked pH\u2013sensitive acrylic acid\u2013polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel. DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 23, 1\u201310 (2015).","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"96739_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015018","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad9803","volume":"20","author":"SF Badshah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Badshah, S. F. et al. Sodium alginate based fast swelling nanogels for solubility enhancement of chlorthalidone; synthesis, characterization and biosafety evaluation. Biomed. Mater. 20(1), 015018 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"96739_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-013-0138-9","volume":"39","author":"X Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. Enhanced bioavailability of orally administered flurbiprofen by combined use of hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin and poly (alkyl-cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 39(1), 61\u201367 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"96739_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.08.017","volume":"114","author":"AM Senna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Senna, A. M., Novack, K. M. & Botaro, V. R. Synthesis and characterization of hydrogels from cellulose acetate by esterification crosslinking with EDTA dianhydride. Carbohyd. Polym. 114, 260\u2013268 (2014).","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"issue":"22","key":"96739_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400421","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202400421","volume":"45","author":"F Taslim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taslim, F. et al. Development of pH-responsive hydrogel from copolymers of artemisia vulgaris seed mucilage, mucin, and poly (methacrylate) for controlled delivery of acyclovir sodium. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 45(22), 2400421 (2024).","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"96739_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-017-2079-y","volume":"75","author":"I Khalid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalid, I. et al. Preparation and characterization of alginate-PVA-based semi-IPN: Controlled release pH-responsive composites. Polym. Bull. 75, 1075\u20131099 (2018).","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"96739_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.22119","volume":"37","author":"O Abdullah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdullah, O. et al. Synthesis, optimization, and evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogels as controlled combinatorial drug delivery system for colon cancer. Adv. Polym. Technol. 37(8), 3348\u20133363 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"96739_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900266","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201900266","volume":"72","author":"MA G\u00fcler","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00fcler, M. A., G\u00f6k, M. K. & \u00d6zg\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, S. Effects of the starch types and the grafting conditions on the in vitro mucoadhesiveness of the starch-graft-poly (methacrylic acid) hydrogels. Starch-St\u00e4rke 72(7\u20138), 1900266 (2020).","journal-title":"Starch-St\u00e4rke"},{"key":"96739_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-020-03267-4","volume":"78","author":"I Sani Mamman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sani Mamman, I., Teo, Y. Y. & Misran, M. Synthesis, characterization and rheological study of Arabic gum-grafted-poly (methacrylic acid) hydrogels. Polym. Bull. 78, 3399\u20133423 (2021).","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"96739_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116074","volume":"236","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S. et al. Drug delivery system of dual-responsive PF127 hydrogel with polysaccharide-based nano-conjugate for textile-based transdermal therapy. Carbohyd. Polym. 236, 116074 (2020).","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"96739_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.04.032","volume":"360","author":"D Mawad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mawad, D., Foster, J. L. & Lauto, A. Drug-delivery study and estimation of polymer\u2013solvent interaction parameter for bisacrylate ester-modified pluronic hydrogels. Int. J. Pharm. 360(1\u20132), 231\u2013235 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"96739_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2006.449","volume":"6","author":"X Xiong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Tam, K. & Gan, L. Polymeric nanostructures for drug delivery applications based on Pluronic copolymer systems. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6(9\u201310), 2638\u20132650 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"96739_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.21659","volume":"37","author":"MU Minhas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Minhas, M. U. et al. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable hydrogels for oral delivery of 5-fluorouracil targeted to colon: screening with preliminary in vivo studies. Adv. Polym. Technol. 37(1), 221\u2013229 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"96739_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.12.001","volume":"111","author":"G He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He, G. et al. Preparation and properties of quaternary ammonium chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogels. React. Funct. Polym. 111, 14\u201321 (2017).","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"96739_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.03.045","volume":"92","author":"S Bashir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bashir, S. et al. Synthesis, characterization, properties of N-succinyl chitosan-g-poly (methacrylic acid) hydrogels and in vitro release of theophylline. Polymer 92, 36\u201349 (2016).","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"issue":"1","key":"96739_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.05.093","volume":"98","author":"B Mandal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mandal, B. & Ray, S. K. Synthesis of interpenetrating network hydrogel from poly (acrylic acid-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and sodium alginate: Modeling and kinetics study for removal of synthetic dyes from water. Carbohyd. Polym. 98(1), 257\u2013269 (2013).","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"issue":"4","key":"96739_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s12039-010-0100-1","volume":"122","author":"H Hosseinzadeh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hosseinzadeh, H. Controlled release of diclofenac sodium from pH-responsive carrageenan-g-poly (acrylic acid) superabsorbent hydrogel. J. Chem. Sci. 122(4), 651\u2013659 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"96739_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2016.1262162","volume":"28","author":"S Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, S., Wang, J. & Shang, Q. Development and evaluation of a novel polymeric hydrogel of sucrose acrylate-co-polymethylacrylic acid for oral curcumin delivery. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 28(2), 194\u2013206 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"96739_CR50","unstructured":"Reddy BV, GR Rao. Vibrational spectra and modified valence force field for N, N\u02b9-methylenebisacrylamide. Indian J of Pure and Applied Physics. (2008)."},{"key":"96739_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2021.115395","volume":"521","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Facile polyamide microstructure adjustment of the composite reverse osmosis membrane assisted by PF127\/SDS mixed micelles for improving seawater desalination performance. Desalination 521, 115395 (2022).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"15","key":"96739_CR52","first-page":"1691","volume":"61","author":"A Shafiq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shafiq, A. et al. Tolterodine tartrate loaded biodegradable and pH-responsive amphiphilic block copolymer (PF127) hydrogels: synthesis, characterization, and acute toxicity evaluation. Polym. Plast. Technol. Mater. 61(15), 1691\u20131705 (2022).","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"96739_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020650","volume":"15","author":"A Aslam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aslam, A. et al. Fabrication of stimuli-responsive quince\/mucin co-poly (methacrylate) hydrogel matrices for the controlled delivery of acyclovir sodium: design, characterization and toxicity evaluation. Pharmaceutics 15(2), 650 (2023).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"96739_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28827","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c03240","volume":"9","author":"H Liaqat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liaqat, H. et al. pH-sensitive hydrogels fabricated with hyaluronic acid as a polymer for site-specific delivery of mesalamine. ACS Omega 9, 28827\u201328840 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"96739_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-018-1099-y","volume":"42","author":"J-Y Byeon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Byeon, J.-Y. et al. Influence of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of active moiety of tolterodine. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 42, 182\u2013190 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"96739_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/jhet.3274","volume":"55","author":"VV Dakarapu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dakarapu, V. V. et al. Design, synthesis, and molecular modeling of asymmetric tolterodine derivatives as anticancer agents. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 55(9), 2157\u20132167 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Heterocycl. Chem."},{"issue":"18","key":"96739_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2018.1534110","volume":"68","author":"H Ijaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ijaz, H. & Tulain, U. R. Development of interpenetrating polymeric network for controlled drug delivery and its evaluation. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater. 68(18), 1099\u20131107 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"issue":"8","key":"96739_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-022-04401-0","volume":"80","author":"A Mahmood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahmood, A. et al. Hydrogel-based intelligent delivery system for controlled release of diloxanide furoate. Polym. Bull. 80(8), 8283\u20138319 (2023).","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"96739_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2380-9477.1000105","volume":"2","author":"DR Naik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Naik, D. R., Patel, A. J. & Raval, J. P. Release kinetics of cellulosic nano particulate formulation for oral administration of an antiviral drug: effect of process and formulation variables. J. Pharm. Sci. Emerg. Drugs 2, 1 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Emerg. Drugs"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"96739_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2011.03.012","volume":"384","author":"J Jin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jin, J. et al. Phase control of ordered mesoporous carbon synthesized by a soft-templating method. Colloids Surf. A 384(1\u20133), 58\u201361 (2011).","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"96739_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-017-6639-z","volume":"131","author":"C-J Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, C.-J., You, J.-Z. & Wang, X.-J. Study on the thermal decomposition of famciclovir. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 131, 1361\u20131371 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"issue":"3","key":"96739_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-017-2079-y","volume":"75","author":"I Khalid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalid, I. et al. Preparation and characterization of alginate-PVA-based semi-IPN: controlled release pH-responsive composites. Polym. Bull. 75(3), 1075\u20131099 (2018).","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"96739_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110252","volume":"106","author":"L Garcia-del Rio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-del Rio, L., Diaz-Rodriguez, P. & Landin, M. New tools to design smart thermosensitive hydrogels for protein rectal delivery in IBD. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 106, 110252 (2020).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"96739_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-012-0843-0","volume":"29","author":"MSH Akash","year":"2012","unstructured":"Akash, M. S. H. et al. Sustained delivery of IL-1Ra from pluronic F127-based thermosensitive gel prolongs its therapeutic potentials. Pharm. Res. 29, 3475\u20133485 (2012).","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"96739_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.21626","volume":"36","author":"T Boyaci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boyaci, T. & Orakdogen, N. Tuning the synthetic routes of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-based superabsorbent copolymer hydrogels containing sulfonate groups: Elasticity, dynamic, and equilibrium swelling properties. Adv. Polym. Technol. 36(4), 442\u2013454 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"96739_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190322","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1190322","volume":"11","author":"Z Abdullah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdullah, Z. et al. Formulation of pH-responsive highly swellable hydrogel scaffolds for controlled release of tramadol HCl: characterization and biocompatibility evaluation. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 11, 1190322 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96739-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96739-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96739-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T13:04:07Z","timestamp":1748437447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96739-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["96739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-96739-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Toxicity studies were conducted on animals (rabbits). Guidelines given by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) were followed. The study protocol was designed according to it and its approval was taken from the Institutional Research and Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Lahore vide notification number IREC-2022-18.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement of human and animal rights"}}],"article-number":"18686"}}