{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T03:26:59Z","timestamp":1793935619357,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Aquatic animals face multiple threats, including pesticides, heavy metals, and other environmental pollutants, risking their health and survival. Limited bioremediation studies have been conducted on the detrimental impacts of herbicides on fish. This study focused on the impact of the herbicide pendimethalin (PD) on <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic> and assessed the protective role of <jats:italic>Azolla pinnata<\/jats:italic> (AZ), an aquatic fern known for its phytoremediation and antioxidant properties. <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009270, 34.17\u2009\u00b1\u20092.41\u00a0g) were divided into six groups in triplicate: the control (CTR), AZ-supplemented (125\u00a0g\/kg diet), PD-exposed (0.5 and 1\u00a0mg PD\/L), and PD-exposed with AZ supplementation (0.5 and 1\u00a0mg PD\/L\u2009+\u2009AZ) groups for 28 days. PD exposure caused substantial reductions in growth performance and hematological indices (hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and red blood cell (RBC) count), with significant increases in white blood cell (WBC) count. Oxidative damage from PD exposure was evidenced by decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels, along with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in hepatic and gill tissues. PD-exposed fish also presented reduced phagocytic activity (PA) and index (PI), along with decreased lysozyme activity and resistance to <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> infection. Additionally, hepatic and renal damage markers (AST, ALT, ALP, urea, and creatinine) and stress indicators (cortisol and glucose) were notably elevated. Severe tissue and cellular damage further highlight PD-induced damage. AZ supplementation had a protective effect, almost restoring normal growth performance, hematological parameters, and antioxidant defenses. AZ improved SOD and AChE activity and reduced MDA levels, mitigating oxidative damage. AZ also improved immune responses, restoring PA, PI, and lysozyme activity and bacterial resistance. Furthermore, AZ alleviated hepatic and renal damage, normalized stress markers, and mitigated tissue and morphological abnormalities, preserving tissue integrity. This study underscores the potential of dietary AZ supplementation (12.5%) as a growth promoter, antioxidant, and immunostimulant in aquaculture, effectively enhancing resistance to environmental toxicants and bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96757-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T13:01:08Z","timestamp":1746795668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Azolla pinnata mitigates pendimethalin induced immunotoxicity, oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Oreochromis niloticus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6683-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagwa I. S.","family":"Abu-Zahra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mofeed","family":"Gouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Elseify","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona E.","family":"Abass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"El-Gohary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman T.","family":"El-sokary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"96757_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2024.103559","volume":"74","author":"L Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, L. et al. Long-term exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to cr (VI): reproductive toxicity and neurotoxicity. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 74, 103559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rsma.2024.103559 (2024).","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"96757_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.21608\/ejar.2024.326002.1599","volume":"102","author":"BA Nasser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nasser, B. A., El-Feky, H., Ismail, I. I. & Amin, A. Influence of certain environmental conditions on degradation of several pendimethalin capsule suspensions now utilized in Egypt. Egypt. J. Agric. Res. 102, 743\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejar.2024.326002.1599 (2024).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"96757_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.06.008","volume":"58","author":"H Tabassum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tabassum, H., Afjal, M. A., Khan, J., Raisuddin, S. & Parvez, S. Neurotoxicological assessment of pendimethalin in freshwater fish Channa punctata Bloch. Ecol. Ind. 58, 411\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.06.008 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"96757_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2003.07.010","volume":"57","author":"M Strandberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Strandberg, M. & Scott-Fordsmand, J. J. Effects of pendimethalin at lower trophic levels\u2014a review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 57, 190\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2003.07.010 (2004).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"96757_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8305","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158305","volume":"22","author":"C Kataoka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kataoka, C. & Kashiwada, S. Ecological risks due to immunotoxicological effects on aquatic organisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 8305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22158305 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"96757_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015","volume":"118","author":"S Elbahnaswy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elbahnaswy, S., Elshopakey, G. E., Ibrahim, I. & Habotta, O. A. Potential role of dietary Chitosan nanoparticles against immunosuppression, inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations induced by pendimethalin toxicity in nile tilapia. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 118, 270\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015 (2021).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"96757_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2016.1222320","volume":"20","author":"M Vighi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vighi, M., Matthies, M. & Solomon, K. R. Critical assessment of pendimethalin in terms of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and potential for long-range transport. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 20, 1\u201321 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B"},{"key":"96757_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.117","volume":"201","author":"L Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, L. et al. Polysaccharide from dandelion enriched nutritional composition, antioxidant capacity, and inhibited bioaccumulation and inflammation in Channa Asiatica under hexavalent chromium exposure. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 201, 557\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.117 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"96757_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139710","volume":"296","author":"L Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, L. et al. The major roles of intestinal microbiota and TRAF6\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in acute intestinal inflammation in mice, and the improvement effect by Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharide. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 296, 139710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139710 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"96757_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9101014","volume":"9","author":"ASA Elrasoul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elrasoul, A. S. A. et al. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of Azolla pinnata ethanolic extract against lead-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Antioxidants 9, 1014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9101014 (2020).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"96757_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737522","volume":"547","author":"Z Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, Z. et al. Dietary Taraxacum mongolicum polysaccharide ameliorates the growth, immune response, and antioxidant status in association with NF-\u03baB, Nrf2 and TOR in Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio Var. Jian). Aquaculture 547, 737522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737522 (2022).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"96757_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamed, H. S. & El-Sayed, Y. S. Antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against pendimethalin-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 45, 71\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-018-0535-8 (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-018-0535-8"},{"key":"96757_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2017.08.001","volume":"202","author":"HS Hamed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamed, H. S. & Abdel-Tawwab, M. Ameliorative effect of propolis supplementation on alleviating bisphenol-A toxicity: growth performance, biochemical variables, and oxidative stress biomarkers of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 202, 63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpc.2017.08.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"96757_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2020-0016","volume":"20","author":"FI Magouz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Magouz, F. I., Dawood, M. A. O., Salem, M. F. I. & Mohamed, A. A. I. The effects of fish feed supplemented with Azolla meal on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and health condition of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Ann. Anim. Sci. 20, 1029\u20131045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/aoas-2020-0016 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"96757_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2020.07.017","volume":"6","author":"O Kaleem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaleem, O. & Bio Singou Sabi, A.-F. Overview of aquaculture systems in Egypt and Nigeria, prospects, potentials, and constraints. Aquac. Fish. 6, 535\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aaf.2020.07.017 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquac. Fish."},{"key":"96757_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mandakini, L., Bandara, N. & Gunawardana, D. A study on the phytoremediation potential of Azolla pinnata under laboratory conditions. J. Trop. For. Environ. 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31357\/jtfe.v6i1.2626 (2016).","DOI":"10.31357\/jtfe.v6i1.2626"},{"key":"96757_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sood, A., Uniyal, P. L., Prasanna, R. & Ahluwalia, A. S. Phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophyte, azolla. AMBIO 41, 122\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-011-0159-z (2011).","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-011-0159-z"},{"key":"96757_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.70099\/bj\/2024.01.03.14","volume":"1","author":"K Bouattou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bouattou, K., Ali-Nehar, A., Djamai, W. & Bekhouche, K. Assessment of the biological activities of Azolla pinnata growing in the North\u2013West of algeri. Bionatura J. 1, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70099\/bj\/2024.01.03.14 (2024).","journal-title":"Bionatura J."},{"key":"96757_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5377","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175377","volume":"26","author":"MC Dias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dias, M. C., Pinto, D. C. G. A. & Silva, A. M. S. Plant flavonoids: chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules 26, 5377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26175377 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"96757_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kouchakinejad, R., Lotfi, Z. & Golzary, A. Exploring Azolla as a sustainable feedstock for eco-friendly bioplastics: A review. Heliyon 10, e39252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39252 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39252"},{"key":"96757_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.107010","volume":"138","author":"Z Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu, Z. & Li, M. Application of nutrition interventions strategy to enhance fish flesh quality. J. Food Compos. Anal. 138, 107010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.107010 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"96757_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.35841\/fisheries-research.4.1.22-30","volume":"4","author":"ES Erondu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erondu, E. S. & Akpoilih, B. U. Effect of different dietary lipid sources on growth performance and nutrient utilization of +\u2009Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. J. Fish. Res. 4, 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35841\/fisheries-research.4.1.22-30 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res."},{"key":"96757_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.115099","volume":"281","author":"S \u00c7i\u00e7ek","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c7i\u00e7ek, S. & \u00d6zo\u011ful, F. Effects of selenium nanoparticles on growth performance, hematological, serum biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status in fish. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 281, 115099 (2021).","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"96757_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21919","volume":"30","author":"YS El-Sayed","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Sayed, Y. S., Samak, D. H., Abou\u2010Ghanema, I. Y. & Soliman, M. K. Physiological and oxidative stress biomarkers in the freshwater monosex nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., exposed to pendimethalin\u2010based herbicide. Environ. Toxicol. 30, 430\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.21919 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"96757_CR25","unstructured":"AOAC. Official method 925.55 loss on drying (moisture) in salt. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International (Oxford University Press, 2023)."},{"key":"96757_CR26","unstructured":"APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition Supplement (American Public Health Association. Inc., 1998)."},{"key":"96757_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01469-5","volume":"32","author":"NIS Abu-Zahra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abu-Zahra, N. I. S. et al. Mentha Piperita powder enhances the biological response, growth performance, disease resistance, and survival of Oreochromis niloticus infected with Vibrio alginolyticus. Aquac. Int. 32, 6353\u20136379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-024-01469-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"96757_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-46702011000300001","volume":"28","author":"LN Sim\u00f5es","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, L. N., Lombardi, D. C., Gomide, A. T. M. & Gomes, L. C. Efficacy of clove oil as anesthetic in handling and transportation of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Actinopterygii: Cichlidae) juveniles. Zoologia (Curitiba Impresso) 28, 285\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-46702011000300001 (2011).","journal-title":"Zoologia (Curitiba Impresso)"},{"key":"96757_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briggs, C. & Bain, B. J. Basic hematological techniques. In Dacie and Lewis Practical Hematology 23\u201356 (Elsevier, 2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-3408-4.00003-5"},{"key":"96757_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2019.1673422","volume":"40","author":"R Hussain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hussain, R. et al. Clinico-hematological, serum biochemical, genotoxic and histopathological effects of trichlorfon in adult cockerels. Toxin Rev. 40, 1206\u20131214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15569543.2019.1673422 (2019).","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"96757_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.6b01284","volume":"56","author":"HG Abo-Al-Ela","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abo-Al-Ela, H. G., El-Nahas, A. F., Mahmoud, S. & Ibrahim, E. M. Vitamin C modulates the immunotoxic effect of 17\u03b1-methyltestosterone in nile tilapia. Biochemistry 56, 2042\u20132050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.biochem.6b01284 (2017).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"96757_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.08.013","volume":"112","author":"K Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng, K., Wu, L., He, Z., Yang, B. & Yang, Y. Measurement of the total protein in serum by biuret method with uncertainty evaluation. Measurement 112, 16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.08.013 (2017).","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"96757_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-8-199510150-00034","volume":"123","author":"N Tietz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tietz, N. Reviews and notes: laboratory medicine: clinical guide to laboratory tests. Ann. Intern. Med. 123, 639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-123-8-199510150-00034 (1995).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"96757_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.736006","volume":"532","author":"EY Mohammady","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammady, E. Y., Soaudy, M. R., Abdel-Rahman, A., Abdel-Tawwab, M. & Hassaan, M. S. Comparative effects of dietary zinc forms on performance, immunity, and oxidative stress-related gene expression in nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 532, 736006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.736006 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"96757_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bancroft, J. D. & Layton, C. The hematoxylins and eosin. In Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques 173\u2013186 (Elsevier, 2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4226-3.00010-X"},{"key":"96757_CR36","first-page":"266","volume":"52","author":"RR Rusu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rusu, R. R., Teu\u015fan, V. & Vacaru-Opri\u015f, I. Aspects concerning the histological stucture of the biceps brachialis muscles in chicken broilers. Univ. De \u015etiin\u0163e Agricole \u015ei Med. Vet. Ia\u015fi Lucr\u0103ri \u015etiin\u0163ifice 52, 266\u2013270 (2009).","journal-title":"Univ. De \u015etiin\u0163e Agricole \u015ei Med. Vet. Ia\u015fi Lucr\u0103ri \u015etiin\u0163ifice"},{"key":"96757_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2024.301270.1291","volume":"70","author":"SM Shabana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shabana, S. M., Elbaz, S., Abass, M. E. & Abu Zahra, N. I. S. Effects of dietary sodium butyrate on the biological indices, gene expression, and resistance of Oreochromis niloticus to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Assiut Vet. Med. J. 70, 335\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/avmj.2024.301270.1291 (2024).","journal-title":"Assiut Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"96757_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.3.591","volume":"77","author":"SE Bonga","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bonga, S. E. The stress response in fish. Physiol. Rev. 77, 591\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.3.591 (1997).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"96757_CR39","first-page":"568","volume":"7","author":"NI El-Sharkawy","year":"2011","unstructured":"El-Sharkawy, N. I., Reda, R. & El-Araby, I. Assessment of stomp VR (pendimethalin) toxicity on Oreochromis niloticus. J. Am. Sci. 7, 568\u2013576 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Am. Sci."},{"key":"96757_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101757","volume":"33","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., Guo, Q. & Gan, L. Acetylcholinesterase activity, histopathological changes, lipid peroxidation and stress-related genes expression in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to waterborne methidathion. Aquac. Rep. 33, 101757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101757 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"96757_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mrong, C. E. et al. Malathion-induced hematoxicity and its recovery pattern in Barbonymus gonionotus. J. Toxicol. 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9417380 (2021).","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9417380"},{"key":"96757_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2018.08.005","volume":"151","author":"B Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider, B. & Mayora, G. Phenolic exudates from Ludwigia peploides and Azolla sp. enhance germination of Polygonum ferrugineum seeds. Aquat. Bot. 151, 56\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquabot.2018.08.005 (2018).","journal-title":"Aquat. Bot."},{"key":"96757_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/s0048-9697(03)00006-8","volume":"309","author":"S Pandey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pandey, S. et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress: a comparative study of river Yamuna fish Wallago Attu (Bl. & Schn.). Sci. Total Environ. 309, 105\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0048-9697(03)00006-8 (2003).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"96757_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28419","volume":"10","author":"R Jindal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jindal, R. et al. Mitigation of hemato-genotoxic and stress response effects in Cyprinus Carpio via Silymarin dietary supplementation following deltamethrin exposure. Heliyon 10, e28419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28419 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"96757_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-022-03449-3","volume":"201","author":"S Saha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saha, S. et al. Longer-term adverse effects of selenate exposures on hematological and serum biochemical variables in air-breathing fish Channa punctata (Bloch, 1973) and Non air breathing fish ctenopharyngodon Idella (Cuvier, 1844): an integrated biomarker response approach. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 201, 3497\u20133512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-022-03449-3 (2022).","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"96757_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2021\/9.11.1886.1894","volume":"9","author":"ER Kamel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamel, E. R. & Hamed, E. Effect of dried Azolla on growth performance, hematological, biochemical, antioxidant parameters, and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 9, 1894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2021\/9.11.1886.1894 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"96757_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-017-0404-x","volume":"43","author":"HS Hamed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamed, H. S. & Osman, A. G. M. Modulatory effect of lycopene against Carbofuran toxicity in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 43, 1721\u20131731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-017-0404-x (2017).","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"96757_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2023.106523","volume":"259","author":"SR Khalil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khalil, S. R. et al. Modulatory effect of thymol on the immune response and susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in nile tilapia fish exposed to zinc oxide nanoparticles. Aquat. Toxicol. 259, 106523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2023.106523 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"96757_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2020.1795616","volume":"29","author":"SH Hoseinifar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoseinifar, S. H. et al. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in fish: the implications of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotics. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 29, 198\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23308249.2020.1795616 (2020).","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"96757_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/ojms.2016.61001","volume":"06","author":"HS Hamed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamed, H. S. Ameliorative effects of Spirulina platensis on deltamethrin-induced biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in the African catfish; Clarias gariepinus. Open J. Mar. Sci. 06, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojms.2016.61001 (2016).","journal-title":"Open J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"96757_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.005","volume":"87","author":"LP Dai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dai, L. P., Dong, X. J. & Ma, H. H. Molecular mechanism for cadmium-induced anthocyanin accumulation in Azolla imbricata. Chemosphere 87, 319\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.005 (2012).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"96757_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2093822","volume":"1","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Clinicohematological, mutagenic, and oxidative stress induced by pendimethalin in freshwater fish Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 1, 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2093822 (2022).","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"96757_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.05.016","volume":"115","author":"VK Verma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verma, V. K. et al. Amelioration of immune and digestive system through weed supplemented feed against Aeromonas hydrophila in Clarias gariepinus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 115, 124\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.05.016 (2021).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"96757_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anscip.2022.05.055","volume":"13","author":"M Bogus\u0142awska-Tryk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bogus\u0142awska-Tryk, M. et al. Intestinal microbial population and short-chain fatty acid profile in broiler fed with lignocellulose. Anim. Sci. Proc. 13, 640\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anscip.2022.05.055 (2022).","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. Proc."},{"key":"96757_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.09.004","volume":"4","author":"Q Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Liu, X., Zhao, G., Hu, T. & Wang, Y. Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Anim. Nutr. 4, 137\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.09.004 (2018).","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96757-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96757-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96757-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T13:01:11Z","timestamp":1746795671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-96757-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["96757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-96757-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The experimental methodology, protocols, and animal care used in the present study were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (ARC-IACUC) at the Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt, and all procedures were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the European Union directive 2010\/63UE. The results of this study are in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines (). None of the authors\u2019 investigations involving human subjects are included in this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"16226"}}