{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T04:23:09Z","timestamp":1744777389881,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022KY132","2022RC120","2024KY892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KY132","2022RC120","2024KY892"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>We explored the feasibility of using urinary metabolites of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) as exposure biomarkers of occupational p-CNB exposure. Forty-two workers exposed to p-CNB during their jobs at a chemical enterprise in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China were included in the exposure group, while administrative personnel who do not come into contact with p-CNB at work were included in the control group. Each worker in the exposure group was equipped with a personal air sampler to collect airborne p-CNB samples, and urine samples were collected at the conclusion of each shift. After sample collection, the airborne p-CNB concentrations and urinary metabolite concentrations were detected by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography - quadrupole - orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry, respectively. The urinary metabolite concentrations were corrected by the content of urinary creatinine. Subsequently, the correlations between the urinary metabolite concentrations and the p-CNB time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations were assessed using correlation analysis. All p-CNB TWA concentrations measured in this study were below the occupational exposure limit in the Chinese national standards. In the exposure group, N-acetyl-S-(4-nitrophenyl)-L-cysteine (NANPC), 2-chloro-5-nitrophenol (2C5NP), p-chloroacetanilide (p-CAA), p-chlorooxanilic acid (p-COA), 2-amino-5-chlorophenol (2A5CP), and p-chloroaniline (p-CA) were detected at varying levels. The percentages of NANPC, 2C5NP, p - CAA, p - COA, 2A5CP, and p - CA were 64.1%, 5.1%, 0.3%, 15.1%, 5.1%, and 10.3%, respectively. We found extremely significant positive relationships (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) between the urinary metabolite concentrations (p-CA, 2C5NP, 2A5CP, NANPC, and p-COA) and the p-CNB TWA concentrations, with respective correlation coefficients of 0.827, 0.673, 0.790, 0.714, and 0.741. Thus, these five metabolites may be used as exposure biomarkers of occupational p-CNB exposure. Moreover, among these metabolites, NANPC was identified as the most suitable exposure biomarker because it had the highest correlation coefficient and the highest content in urine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96891-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T15:47:01Z","timestamp":1744732021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of urinary metabolites as biomarkers for occupational p-chloronitrobenzene exposure: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiyao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangjing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuliang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"96891_CR1","unstructured":"German Chemical Society -Advisory Committee on Existing. Chemicals of Environmental. m-Chloronitrobenzene, p-Chloronitrobenzene. BUA Report No. 11 (Verlag Chemie, 1992)."},{"key":"96891_CR2","unstructured":"Yan, H. F. Monitoring Methods of Chemical Hazardous Agents in Workplace Atmospheres (Emergency Management, 2021)."},{"key":"96891_CR3","unstructured":"New Thinker Network. The nitrochlorobenzene industry has a high degree of concentration, and its prices will continue to remain at a high level in 2021.  https:\/\/www.sohu.com\/a\/476501560_385826. Accessed 30 Jan 2025."},{"key":"96891_CR4","unstructured":"NetEase Analysis of the supply and demand situation of nitrochlorobenzene in China in 2022: The price has returned to market competition, and expanding downstream supporting facilities is the key. https:\/\/www.163.com\/dy\/article\/I8FHPLMG05387IEF.html. Accessed 30 Jan 2025."},{"key":"96891_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. H., Yang, S. J., Yu, S. B. & Ye, C. J. Three cases of p-nitrochlorobenzene burn combined with poisoning. Chin. J. Burns 16, 227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2000.04.025 (2000).","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2000.04.025"},{"key":"96891_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhang, F. L. & Tang, W. Clinical characteristics and diagnosis of occupational acute nitrochlorobenzene poisoning. Chin. J. Ind. Med. 29, 44\u201346, 73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13631\/j.cnki.zggyyx.2016.01.014 (2016).","DOI":"10.13631\/j.cnki.zggyyx.2016.01.014"},{"key":"96891_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2007.04.021","volume":"23","author":"YH Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. H. et al. Treatment of 16 cases of nitrochlorobenzene burns. Chin. J. Burns. 23, 295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2007.04.021 (2007).","journal-title":"Chin. J. 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