{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T01:09:46Z","timestamp":1782954586525,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Pangolins are considered the most trafficked mammals in the world with all eight species listed on CITES Appendix I. Despite this pervasive threat to their survival, there remains a limited understanding of genetic diversity and connectivity among populations of Asian pangolin species, hampering effective conservation management. We analysed mitogenome sequences of the Sunda pangolin (<jats:italic>Manis javanica<\/jats:italic>) from across their Southeast Asia continental distribution, as well as Borneo. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed six lineages, with clear separation north and south of the Kangar-Pattani biogeographic line in southern Thailand, revealing clear differentiation between Sundaland and Indochinese Sunda pangolin lineages. Further divergence across an east\u2013west divide was observed in central and northern Thailand, extending northwards towards China. Our results provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships among Sunda pangolin populations in Southeast Asia, building on other recent research in this field and helping to establish the species\u2019 baseline phylogeography. These inferences will aid conservation planning and support the genetic traceability of the illegal pangolin trade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97182-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T07:35:05Z","timestamp":1745393705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mitogenomic analysis of Thai Sunda pangolins reveals regional phylogeography and informs conservation management"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nattapong","family":"Banterng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Ewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frankie Thomas","family":"Sitam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Ogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"97182_CR1","unstructured":"Challender, D., Waterman, C., Baillie, J. Scaling up pangolin conservation. IUCN SSC pangolin specialist group conservation action plan. Zoological Society of London, London, UK (2014)."},{"key":"97182_CR2","unstructured":"Nuwer, R.L. Poached: inside the dark world of wildlife trafficking: Hachette UK (2018)."},{"key":"97182_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815507-3.00016-2","volume-title":"pangolins","author":"DWS Challender","year":"2020","unstructured":"Challender, D. W. S., Heinrich, S., Shepherd, C. R. & Katsis, L. K. D. Chapter 16 - International trade and trafficking in pangolins, 1900\u20132019. In pangolins (eds Challender, D. W. S. et al.) 259\u2013276 (Academic Press, 2020)."},{"key":"97182_CR4","unstructured":"IUCN. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021[Available from: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org."},{"key":"97182_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815507-3.00019-8","volume-title":"Pangolins","author":"DWS Challender","year":"2020","unstructured":"Challender, D. W. S. & O\u2019Criodain, C. Chapter 19 - Addressing trade threats to pangolins in the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (CITES). In Pangolins (eds Nash, H. C. et al.) 305\u2013320 (Academic Press, 2020)."},{"key":"97182_CR6","unstructured":"Challender, D., Willcox, D., Panjang, E., Lim, N., Nash, H., Heinrich, S., Chong, J. Manis javanica. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2019: e. T12763A123584856. (2019)."},{"key":"97182_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815507-3.00006-X","volume-title":"Pangolins","author":"JL Chong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chong, J. L. et al. Chapter 6 - Sunda pangolin Manis javanica (Desmarest, 1822). In Pangolins (eds Challender, D. W. S. et al.) 89\u2013108 (Academic Press, 2020)."},{"key":"97182_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, R.W.Y. The Illegal Wildlife Trade in China Understanding The Distribution Networks \/ by Rebecca W. Y. Wong. 1st ed. 2019. ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, (2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-13666-6_1"},{"key":"97182_CR9","unstructured":"Heinrich, S., Wittman, T., Ross, J., Shepherd, C., Challender, D. Cassey, P. The global trafficking of pangolins: A comprehensive summary of seizures and trafficking routes from 2010\u20132015. Selangor, Malaysia; 2017. Report No.: 978-983-3393-76-3."},{"issue":"2","key":"97182_CR10","first-page":"53","volume":"24","author":"DW Challender","year":"2012","unstructured":"Challender, D. W. & Hywood, L. African pangolins under increased pressure from poaching and intercontinental trade. Traffic Bull. 24(2), 53\u201355 (2012).","journal-title":"Traffic Bull."},{"key":"97182_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2015.08.002","volume":"4","author":"H Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Molecular tracing of confiscated pangolin scales for conservation and illegal trade monitoring in Southeast Asia. Global Ecol. Conserv. 4, 414\u2013422 (2015).","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"97182_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2016.09.007","volume":"8","author":"S Heinrich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heinrich, S. et al. Where did all the pangolins go? International CITES trade in pangolin species. Global Ecol. Conserv. 8, 241\u2013253 (2016).","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Conserv."},{"issue":"2","key":"97182_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605316000119","volume":"51","author":"CR Shepherd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shepherd, C. R., Connelly, E., Hywood, L. & Cassey, P. Taking a stand against illegal wildlife trade: the Zimbabwean approach to pangolin conservation. Oryx 51(2), 280\u2013285 (2017).","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892922000169","volume":"49","author":"L Vigne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vigne, L. & Nijman, V. Elephant ivory, rhino horn, pangolin and helmeted hornbill products for sale at the Myanmar\u2013Thailand\u2013China border. Environ. Conserv. 49(3), 187\u2013194 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"97182_CR15","unstructured":"UNODC. World Wildlife Crime Report 2020: Trafficking in Protected Species. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020)."},{"key":"97182_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2021.109042","volume":"256","author":"SP Heighton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heighton, S. P. & Gaubert, P. A timely systematic review on pangolin research, commercialization, and popularization to identify knowledge gaps and produce conservation guidelines. Biol. Cons. 256, 109042 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. Cons."},{"issue":"40","key":"97182_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304096120","volume":"120","author":"T-T Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu, T.-T. et al. Genomic analysis reveals a cryptic pangolin species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 120(40), e2304096120 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"97182_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809002","volume-title":"Introduction to conservation genetics","author":"R Frankham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frankham, R., Ballou, J. D. & Briscoe, D. A. Introduction to conservation genetics 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press, 2010).","edition":"2"},{"key":"97182_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382165-2.00071-4","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of forensic sciences","author":"JCI Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, J. C. I., Hsieh, H. M. & Tsai, L. C. DNA and endangered species. In Encyclopedia of forensic sciences 2nd edn (eds Siegel, J. A. et al.) 409\u2013412 (Academic Press, 2013).","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-2016-0144","volume":"60","author":"M Mwale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mwale, M. et al. Forensic application of DNA barcoding for identification of illegally traded African pangolin scales. Genome 60(3), 272\u2013284 (2017).","journal-title":"Genome"},{"issue":"2","key":"97182_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/23802359.2018.1473719","volume":"3","author":"VP Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar, V. P., Rajpoot, A., Shukla, M., Nigam, P. & Goyal, S. P. Inferring the molecular affinity of Indian pangolin with extant Manidae species based on mitochondrial genes: A wildlife forensic perspective. Mitochondrial DNA Part B Res. 3(2), 640\u2013644 (2018).","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA Part B Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"97182_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02362-5","volume":"134","author":"A Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, A. et al. Pangolin Indexing System: Implications in forensic surveillance of large seizures. Int. J. Legal Med. 134(5), 1613\u20131618 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"97182_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110780","volume":"323","author":"P Priyambada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Priyambada, P. et al. Digging out the keys in the heap of seized pangolin scales: up scaling pangolin conservation using wildlife forensics. Forensic Sci. Int. 323, 110780 (2021).","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"23","key":"97182_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5975","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13886","volume":"25","author":"P Gaubert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gaubert, P. et al. Phylogeography of the heavily poached African common pangolin (Pholidota, Manis tricuspis) reveals six cryptic lineages as traceable signatures of Pleistocene diversification. Mol. Ecol. 25(23), 5975\u20135993 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"97182_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsiae.2021.100014","volume":"1","author":"KM Ewart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ewart, K. M. et al. DNA analyses of large pangolin scale seizures: Species identification validation and case studies. Forensic Sci. Int. Animals Environ. 1, 100014 (2021).","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Animals Environ."},{"key":"97182_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e01119","volume":"23","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Genetic identification of African pangolins and their origin in illegal trade. Global Ecol. Conserv. 23, e01119 (2020).","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Conserv."},{"issue":"8","key":"97182_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10373","volume":"13","author":"FT Sitam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sitam, F. T. et al. Phylogeography of the Sunda pangolin, Manis javanica: Implications for taxonomy, conservation management and wildlife forensics. Ecol. Evol. 13(8), e10373 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"4","key":"97182_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa031","volume":"7","author":"J-Y Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu, J.-Y. et al. Genomic consequences of population decline in critically endangered pangolins and their demographic histories. Natl. Sci. Rev. 7(4), 798\u2013814 (2020).","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"97182_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2015.02.003","volume":"338","author":"A Hassanin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hassanin, A., Hugot, J.-P. & van Vuuren, B. J. Comparison of mitochondrial genome sequences of pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota). C.R. Biol. 338(4), 260\u2013265 (2015).","journal-title":"C.R. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"97182_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esx097","volume":"109","author":"P Gaubert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaubert, P. et al. The complete phylogeny of pangolins: Scaling up resources for the molecular tracing of the most trafficked mammals on earth. J. Hered. 109(4), 347\u2013359 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"issue":"4","key":"97182_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","volume":"30","author":"K Katoh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katoh, K. & Standley, D. M. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30(4), 772\u2013780 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"97182_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W465","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn180","volume":"36","author":"A Dereeper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dereeper, A. et al. Phylogeny. fr: Robust phylogenetic analysis for the non-specialist. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, W465\u2013W469 (2008).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"97182_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-8","volume":"10","author":"A Dereeper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dereeper, A., Audic, S., Claverie, J.-M. & Blanc, G. BLAST-EXPLORER helps you building datasets for phylogenetic analysis. BMC Evol. Biol. 10(1), 1\u20136 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR34","first-page":"772","volume":"34","author":"R Lanfear","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P. B., Wright, A. M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. PartitionFinder 2: new methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Mol. Biol. Evol. 34(3), 772\u2013773 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"97182_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13096","volume":"20","author":"D Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, D. et al. PhyloSuite: An integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 20(1), 348\u2013355 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"issue":"1","key":"97182_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.87","volume":"2","author":"CY Xiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiang, C. Y. et al. Using PhyloSuite for molecular phylogeny and tree-based analyses. iMeta. 2(1), e87 (2023).","journal-title":"iMeta."},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9892.1993.tb00144.x","volume":"14","author":"CM Hurvich","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hurvich, C. M. & Tsai, C.-L. A corrected akaike information criterion for vector autoregressive model selection. J. Time Ser. Anal. 14(3), 271\u2013279 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Time Ser. Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"97182_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","volume":"32","author":"L-T Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen, L.-T., Schmidt, H. A., Von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B. Q. IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32(1), 268\u2013274 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","volume":"61","author":"F Ronquist","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ronquist, F. et al. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61(3), 539\u2013542 (2012).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"97182_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032","volume":"67","author":"A Rambaut","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rambaut, A., Drummond, A. J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M. A. Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Syst. Biol. 67(5), 901\u2013904 (2018).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"97182_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw171","volume":"8","author":"R Lanfear","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lanfear, R., Hua, X. & Warren, D. L. Estimating the effective sample size of tree topologies from bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Genome Biol. Evol. 8(8), 2319\u20132332 (2016).","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"97182_CR42","unstructured":"Rambaut, A. FigTree v1. 4.4, a Graphical Viewer of Phylogenetic Trees (2018)."},{"issue":"9","key":"97182_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12410","volume":"6","author":"JW Leigh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leigh, J. W. & Bryant, D. POPART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6(9), 1110\u20131116 (2015).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"12","key":"97182_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","volume":"34","author":"J Rozas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rozas, J. et al. DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 34(12), 3299\u20133302 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x","volume":"10","author":"L Excoffier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Excoffier, L. & Lischer, H. E. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 10(3), 564\u2013567 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"97182_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-010-9783-3","volume":"19","author":"DS Woodruff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Woodruff, D. S. Biogeography and conservation in Southeast Asia: How 2.7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today\u2019s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial-phase biodiversity. Biodiv. Conserv. 19, 919\u2013941 (2010).","journal-title":"Biodiv. Conserv."},{"issue":"12","key":"97182_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2011.02568.x","volume":"38","author":"AC Hughes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hughes, A. C., Satasook, C., Bates, P. J., Bumrungsri, S. & Jones, G. Explaining the causes of the zoogeographic transition around the Isthmus of Kra: Using bats as a case study. J. Biogeogr. 38(12), 2362\u20132372 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"issue":"2","key":"97182_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2007.01374.x","volume":"22","author":"JL Baltzer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baltzer, J. L., Davies, S. J., Bunyavejchewin, S. & Noor, N. S. M. The role of desiccation tolerance in determining tree species distributions along the Malay-Thai Peninsula. Funct. Ecol. 22(2), 221\u2013231 (2008).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"issue":"11","key":"97182_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2007.01805.x","volume":"34","author":"OL Phillips","year":"2007","unstructured":"Phillips, O. L. Drought, dispersal, and distribution in the inner tropics. J. Biogeogr. 34(11), 1846\u20131847 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"issue":"6","key":"97182_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.14598","volume":"50","author":"A Hinckley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hinckley, A., Hawkins, M. T., Maldonado, J. E. & Leonard, J. A. Evolutionary history and patterns of divergence in three tropical east Asian squirrels across the Isthmus of Kra. J. Biogeogr. 50(6), 1090\u20131102 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blx009","volume":"121","author":"Y Boontop","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boontop, Y. et al. Population structure in Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) across Thailand and the Thai-Malay peninsula: Natural barriers to a great disperser. Biol. J. Lin. Soc. 121(3), 540\u2013555 (2017).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Lin. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605311001128","volume":"47","author":"Y Trisurat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trisurat, Y. et al. An assessment of the distribution and conservation status of hornbill species in Thailand. Oryx 47(3), 441\u2013450 (2013).","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"97182_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markviriya, D., Asensio, N., Brockelman, W.Y., Jeratthitikul, E. Kongrit C. Genetic analysis of hybridization between white-handed (Hylobates lar) and pileated (Hylobates pileatus) gibbons in a contact zone in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Primates. 1\u201313 (2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-021-00958-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02382676","volume":"32","author":"T Geissmann","year":"1991","unstructured":"Geissmann, T. Sympatry between white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) and pileated gibbons (H. pileatus) in Southeastern Thailand. Primates 32(3), 357\u2013363 (1991).","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"97182_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinckley, A., Maldonado, J.E., Tamura, N., Leonard, J.A. Hawkins MTR. Lost in synonymy: Integrative species delimitation reveals two unrecognized species of Southern Asian tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Callosciurinae). Vertebrate Zoology, 74 (2024).","DOI":"10.3897\/vz.74.e133467"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"97182_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00032","volume":"4","author":"NT Lim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim, N. T. & Ng, P. K. Home range, activity cycle and natal den usage of a female Sunda pangolin Manis javanica (Mammalia: Pholidota) in Singapore. Endangered Species Res. 4(1\u20132), 233\u2013240 (2008).","journal-title":"Endangered Species Res."},{"key":"97182_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, R.J., Van Le, D., Thi Thanh Nguyen, H., Nhat Cau, L., Van Nguyen, T. Van Pham T. et al. Home ranges and activity patterns of Sunda pangolins Manis javanica (Pholidota: Manidae) in Vietnam. J. Asia-Pacific Biodiver. (2023).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1848435\/v1"},{"issue":"2","key":"97182_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlab045","volume":"194","author":"A Hinckley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hinckley, A. et al. Evolutionary history of Sundaland shrews (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae: Crocidura) with a focus on Borneo. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 194(2), 478\u2013501 (2021).","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"97182_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esy046","volume":"110","author":"VC Mason","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mason, V. C., Helgen, K. M. & Murphy, W. J. Comparative phylogeography of forest-dependent mammals reveals paleo-forest corridors throughout sundaland. J. Hered. 110(2), 158\u2013172 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"issue":"4","key":"97182_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9969","volume":"13","author":"MN Kunde","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kunde, M. N. et al. First mitogenome phylogeny of the sun bear Helarctos malayanus reveals a deep split between Indochinese and Sundaic lineages. Ecol. Evol. 13(4), e9969 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"12","key":"97182_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2001.t01-1-01411.x","volume":"10","author":"DJ Fraser","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fraser, D. J. & Bernatchez, L. Adaptive evolutionary conservation: Towards a unified concept for defining conservation units. Mol. Ecol. 10(12), 2741\u20132752 (2001).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"97182_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1999.00217.x","volume":"130","author":"C Moritz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moritz, C. Conservation units and translocations: strategies for conserving evolutionary processes. Hereditas 130(3), 217\u2013228 (1999).","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"issue":"9","key":"97182_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1325","volume":"14","author":"J Phelps","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phelps, J., Biggs, D. & Webb, E. L. Tools and terms for understanding illegal wildlife trade. Front. Ecol. Environ. 14(9), 479\u2013489 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"97182_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-009-9758-4","volume":"19","author":"V Nijman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nijman, V. An overview of international wildlife trade from Southeast Asia. Biodivers. Conserv. 19(4), 1101\u20131114 (2010).","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"97182_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2015.02.008","volume":"18","author":"R Ogden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ogden, R. & Linacre, A. Wildlife forensic science: A review of genetic geographic origin assignment. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 18, 152\u2013159 (2015).","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"issue":"7","key":"97182_CR66","first-page":"761","volume":"110","author":"K Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao, K. et al. Loxodonta Localizer: A software tool for inferring the provenance of African elephants and their ivory using mitochondrial DNA. J. Hered. 110(7), 761\u2013768 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"97182_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Au, W.C., Dures, S.G., Ishida, Y., Green, C.E., Zhao, K., Ogden, R. Roca, A.L. Lion Localizer: a software tool for inferring the provenance of lions (Panthera leo) using mitochondrial DNA. J. Heredity, esad072 (2023).","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esad072"},{"issue":"5","key":"97182_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-018-1080-9","volume":"19","author":"HC Nash","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nash, H. C. et al. Conservation genomics reveals possible illegal trade routes and admixture across pangolin lineages in Southeast Asia. Conserv. Genet. 19(5), 1083\u20131095 (2018).","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"issue":"6","key":"97182_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21127","DOI":"10.11609\/jott.7572.14.6.21127-21139","volume":"14","author":"RTPN Wirdateti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wirdateti, R. T. P. N., Yulianto, & Semiadi, G. Identification of confiscated pangolin for conservation purposes through molecular approach. J. Threatened Taxa. 14(6), 21127\u201321139 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Threatened Taxa."},{"key":"97182_CR70","unstructured":"Gomez, L., Leupen, B., Krishnasamy, K. Heinrich S. Scaly nexus: mapping Indonesian pangolin seizures (2010\u20132015). TRAFFIC. Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor. (2017)."},{"issue":"12","key":"97182_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00684.x","volume":"7","author":"TJ Kawecki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kawecki, T. J. & Ebert, D. Conceptual issues in local adaptation. Ecol. Lett. 7(12), 1225\u20131241 (2004).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"97182_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2011.00192.x","volume":"4","author":"AR Weeks","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weeks, A. R. et al. Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments: a genetic perspective. Evol Appl. 4(6), 709\u2013725 (2011).","journal-title":"Evol Appl."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-97182-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-97182-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-97182-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T09:03:27Z","timestamp":1745399007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-97182-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["97182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-97182-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14067"}}