{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:45:12Z","timestamp":1791819912552,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97575-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T09:45:40Z","timestamp":1745833540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preoperative psychological health impacts pain and disability outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical radiculopathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Bigney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan U.","family":"Dombrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Wedderkopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmeddan","family":"Attabib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eden","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M. H.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Paquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean D.","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphaele","family":"Charest-Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"LaRue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Nataraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamilton","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. Raja","family":"Rampersaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Dea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"97575_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00321-1","volume":"6","author":"GBD 2021 Neck Pain Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Neck Pain Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain, 1990\u20132020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 6, e142\u2013e155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00321-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"97575_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39127.608299.80","volume":"334","author":"AI Binder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Binder, A. I. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. Br. Med. J. 334, 527\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39127.608299.80 (2007).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"97575_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.2.325","volume":"117","author":"K Radhakrishnan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan, K., Litchy, W. J., O\u2019Fallon, W. M. & Kurland, L. T. Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. Brain 117, 325\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/117.2.325 (1994).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"97575_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-011-9218-z","volume":"7","author":"JM Caridi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Caridi, J. M., Pumberger, M. & Hughes, A. P. Cervical radiculopathy: a review. Musculoskel. J. Hospital Spec. Surg. 7, 265\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11420-011-9218-z (2011).","journal-title":"Musculoskel. J. Hospital Spec. Surg."},{"key":"97575_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp043887","volume":"353","author":"S Carette","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carette, S. & Fehlings, M. G. Cervical radiculopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 392\u2013399 (2005).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"97575_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1498","volume":"2020","author":"M Mansfield","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mansfield, M., Smith, T., Spahr, N. & Thacker, M. Cervical spine radiculopathy epidemiology: a systematic review. Musculoskel. Care. 2020, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/msc.1498 (2020).","journal-title":"Musculoskel. Care."},{"key":"97575_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2013.08.004","volume":"40","author":"CA Onks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Onks, C. A. & Billy, G. Evaluation and treatment of cervical radiculopathy. Primary Care: Clin. Office Pract. 40, 837\u2013848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pop.2013.08.004 (2013).","journal-title":"Primary Care: Clin. Office Pract."},{"key":"97575_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199903150-00021","volume":"199","author":"P Sampath","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sampath, P., Bendebba, M., Davis, J. & Ducker, T. Outcome in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Prospective, multicenter study with independent clinical review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 199, 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-199903150-00021 (1999).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"97575_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-016-9349-4","volume":"9","author":"S Iyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iyer, S. & Kim, H. J. Cervical radiculopathy. Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med. 9, 272\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-016-9349-4 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"97575_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218765398","volume":"8","author":"AK Andresen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andresen, A. K. et al. Patient-reported outcomes and patient-reported satisfaction after surgical treatment for cervical radiculopathy. Glob. Spine J. 8, 703\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2192568218765398 (2018).","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"97575_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.7.SPINE22592","volume":"2022","author":"JJ H\u00e9bert","year":"2022","unstructured":"H\u00e9bert, J. J. et al. Prediction of 2-year clinical outcome trajectories in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for spondylotic radiculopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2022, 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2022.7.SPINE22592 (2022).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"97575_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000003587","volume":"45","author":"JJ Hebert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hebert, J. J. et al. Preoperative factors predict postoperative trajectories of pain and disability following surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 45, 1421\u20131430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/brs.0000000000003587 (2020).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"97575_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2011.01.005","volume":"2","author":"SJ Linton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Linton, S. J. & Bergbom, S. Understanding the link between depression and pain. Scand. J. Pain. 2, 47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjpain.2011.01.005 (2011).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain."},{"key":"97575_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1155\/2002\/252904","volume":"7","author":"DC Turk","year":"2002","unstructured":"Turk, D. C. A diathesis-stress model of chronic pain and disability following traumatic injury. Pain Res. Manag. 7, 9\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2002\/252904 (2002).","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"97575_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.058222","volume":"90","author":"AK Akobeng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akobeng, A. K. Understanding randomised controlled trials. Arch. Dis. Child. 90, 840\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2004.058222 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"97575_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069400","volume":"2022","author":"O Moneer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moneer, O. et al. Agreement of treatment effects from observational studies and randomized controlled trials evaluating hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir, or dexamethasone for covid-19: Meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 2022, 377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2021-069400 (2022).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"97575_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","volume":"114","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroenke, K. et al. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J. Affect. Disord. 114, 163\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"97575_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.9.SPINE18521","volume":"30","author":"TE Purvis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Purvis, T. E., Neuman, B. J., Riley, L. H. & Skolasky, R. L. Comparison of PROMIS Anxiety and Depression, PHQ-8, and GAD-7 to screen for anxiety and depression among patients presenting for spine surgery. J. Neurosurg. Spine. 30, 524\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2018.9.SPINE18521 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine."},{"key":"97575_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L. & Williams, J. B. W. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 16, 606\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x (2001).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"97575_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5020022","volume":"5","author":"C Hayes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayes, C., Bhandari, N., Kathe, N. & Payakachat, N. Reliability and validity of the medical outcomes study short form-12 version 2 (SF-12v2) in adults with non-cancer pain. Healthcare. 5, 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare5020022 (2017).","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"97575_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9483-1","volume":"18","author":"NC Cheak-Zamora","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheak-Zamora, N. C., Wyrwich, K. W. & McBride, T. D. Reliability and validity of the SF-12v2 in the medical expenditure panel survey. Qual. Life Res. 18, 727\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-009-9483-1 (2009).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"97575_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.11.005","volume":"152","author":"SC Gill","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gill, S. C., Butterworth, P., Rodgers, B. & Mackinnon, A. Validity of the mental health component scale of the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (MCS-12) as measure of common mental disorders in the general population. Psychiatry Res. 152, 63\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.11.005 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"97575_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.01.008","volume":"36","author":"O Karcioglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karcioglu, O., Topacoglu, H., Dikme, O. & Dikme, O. A systematic review of the pain scales in adults: Which to use?. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 36, 707\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.01.008 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"97575_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2006.06.005","volume":"7","author":"LJ Ware","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ware, L. J., Epps, C. D., Herr, K. & Packard, A. Evaluation of the revised faces pain scale, verbal descriptor scale, numeric rating scale, and Iowa pain thermometer in older minority adults. Pain Manag. Nurs. 7, 117\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2006.06.005 (2006).","journal-title":"Pain Manag. Nurs."},{"key":"97575_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181ec98e6","volume":"89","author":"IA Young","year":"2010","unstructured":"Young, I. A., Cleland, J. A., Michener, L. A. & Brown, C. Reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness of the neck disability index, patient-specific functional scale, and numeric pain rating scale in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 89, 831\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181ec98e6 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"97575_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000201241.90914.22","volume":"31","author":"JA Cleland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cleland, J. A., Fritz, J. M., Whitman, J. M. & Palmer, J. A. The reliability and construct validity of the neck disability index and patient specific functional scale in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31, 598\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000201241.90914.22 (2006).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"97575_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.02.007","volume":"10","author":"LY Carreon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carreon, L. Y., Glassman, S. D., Campbell, M. J. & Anderson, P. A. Neck disability index, short form-36 physical component summary, and pain scales for neck and arm pain: the minimum clinically important difference and substantial clinical benefit after cervical spine fusion. Spine J. 10, 469\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.02.007 (2010).","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"97575_CR28","first-page":"409","volume":"14","author":"H Vernon","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vernon, H. & Mior, S. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J. Manipul. Physiol. Ther. 14, 409\u2013415 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Manipul. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"97575_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2008.08.006","volume":"31","author":"H Vernon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vernon, H. The neck disability index: State-of-the-art, 1991\u20132008. J. Manipul. Physiol. Ther. 31, 491\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2008.08.006 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Manipul. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"97575_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SPINEE.2019.03.002","volume":"19","author":"G Gupte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupte, G., Peters, C. M., Buchowski, J. M. & Zebala, L. P. Reliability of the neck disability index and Japanese orthopedic association questionnaires in adult cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy patients when administered by telephone or via online format. Spine J. 19, 1154\u20131161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SPINEE.2019.03.002 (2019).","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"97575_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.SPINE12312","volume":"18","author":"SL Parker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parker, S. L., Godil, S. S., Shau, D. N., Mendenhall, S. K. & Mcgirt, M. J. Assessment of the minimum clinically important difference in pain, disability, and quality of life after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: clinical article. J. Neurosurg. Spine 18, 154\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.10.SPINE12312 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"97575_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","volume":"34","author":"JE Ware","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M. & Keller, S. D. A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care. 34, 220\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003 (1996).","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"97575_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1214\/07-STS227","volume":"22","author":"JDY Kang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kang, J. D. Y. & Schafer, J. L. Demystifying double robustness: a comparison of alternative strategies for estimating a population mean from incomplete data. Stat. Sci. 22, 523\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/07-STS227 (2007).","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"97575_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12027","volume":"76","author":"K Imai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Imai, K. & Ratkovic, M. Covariate balancing propensity score. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol. 76, 243\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rssb.12027 (2014).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"97575_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3967","volume":"28","author":"PC Austin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Austin, P. C. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat. Med. 28, 3083\u20133107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.3967 (2009).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"97575_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020363010465\/METRICS","volume":"2","author":"DB Rubin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rubin, D. B. Using propensity scores to help design observational studies: application to the tobacco litigation. Health Serv. Outcomes Res. Methodol. 2, 169\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1020363010465\/METRICS (2001).","journal-title":"Health Serv. Outcomes Res. Methodol."},{"key":"97575_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/OXFORDJOURNALS.AJE.A114593","volume":"125","author":"S Greenland","year":"1987","unstructured":"Greenland, S. Interpretation and choice of effect measures in epidemiologic analyses. Am. J. Epidemiol. 125, 761\u2013768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/OXFORDJOURNALS.AJE.A114593 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"97575_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0519-5","volume":"2018","author":"W Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, W., Qian, L., Shi, J. & Franklin, M. Comparing performance between log-binomial and robust Poisson regression models for estimating risk ratios under model misspecification. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2018, 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-018-0519-5 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"97575_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01612-2","volume":"24","author":"C Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao, C. et al. Exploring the bidirectional relationship between pain and mental disorders: a comprehensive Mendelian randomization study. J. Headache Pain. 24, 82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-023-01612-2 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"97575_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","volume":"20","author":"EF Schisterman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schisterman, E. F., Cole, S. R. & Platt, R. W. Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology 20, 488\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1 (2009).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"97575_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","volume":"2017","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2017","unstructured":"VanderWeele, T. J. & Ding, P. Sensitivity in observational research: Introducing the E-value. Ann. Intern. Med. 2017, 167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M16-2607 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"97575_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164","volume":"168","author":"SR Cole","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cole, S. R. & Hern\u00e1n, M. A. Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models. Am. J. Epidemiol. 168, 656\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwn164 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"97575_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-07079-8","volume":"37","author":"JJ Wong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wong, J. J. et al. Association between depressive symptoms or depression and health outcomes for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 37, 1233\u20131246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-07079-8 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"97575_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280903110079","volume":"31","author":"B B\u00f6rsbo","year":"2009","unstructured":"B\u00f6rsbo, B., Peolsson, M. & Gerdle, B. The complex interplay between pain intensity, depression, anxiety and catastrophising with respect to quality of life and disability. Disabil. Rehabil. 31, 1605\u20131613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638280903110079 (2009).","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"97575_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06797-1","volume":"12","author":"U Held","year":"2023","unstructured":"Held, U. et al. Association between depression and anxiety on symptom and function after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. Sci. Rep. 12, 2821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-06797-1 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"97575_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200010150-00012","volume":"25","author":"PM Trief","year":"2000","unstructured":"Trief, P. M., Grant, W. & Fredrickson, B. A prospective study of psychological predictors of lumbar surgery outcome. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25, 2616\u20132621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200010150-00012 (2000).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"97575_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.08.014","volume":"12","author":"O Adogwa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adogwa, O. et al. Preoperative Zung Depression Scale predicts outcome after revision lumbar surgery for adjacent segment disease, recurrent stenosis, and pseudarthrosis. Spine J. 12, 179\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.08.014 (2012).","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"97575_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000231727.88477.da","volume":"31","author":"TJ Aalto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aalto, T. J. et al. Preoperative predictors for postoperative clinical outcome in lumbar spinal stenosis: systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31, 648\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000231727.88477.da (2006).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"97575_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.84140","volume":"2018","author":"B Godlewski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Godlewski, B., Stachura, M. K., Twardowska-Staszek, E., Czepko, R. A. & Czepko, R. Effect of social factors on surgical outcomes in cervical disc disease. Anesthiol. Pain Med. 2018, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/aapm.84140 (2018).","journal-title":"Anesthiol. Pain Med."},{"key":"97575_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0660-x","volume":"148","author":"A Peolsson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peolsson, A., Vavruch, L. & \u00d6berg, B. Predictive factors for arm pain, neck pain, neck specific disability and health after anterior cervical decompression and fusion. Acta Neurochir. (Wien). 148, 167\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-005-0660-x (2006).","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. (Wien)."},{"key":"97575_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562932","volume":"6","author":"MD Alvin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alvin, M. D. et al. The impact of preoperative depression and health state on quality-of-life outcomes after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion. Glob. Spine J. 6, 306\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1562932 (2016).","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"97575_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.21037\/JSS.2017.05.02","volume":"3","author":"K Phan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phan, K. et al. Relationship between depression and clinical outcome following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. J. Spine Surg. 3, 133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/JSS.2017.05.02 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"97575_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.2.176","volume":"155","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n, M. A., Hern\u00e1ndez-Diaz, S., Werler, M. M. & Mitchell, A. A. Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155, 176\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/155.2.176 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-97575-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-97575-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-97575-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T09:45:44Z","timestamp":1745833544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-97575-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["97575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-97575-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14861"}}