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Cereal crops, the main component of chicken diet, are commonly contaminated with DON, resulting in frequent exposure of chickens to DON. Likewise, <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C.<\/jats:italic>), a pathogen of major public and animal health concern, is frequently found in chicken flocks and poses a threat to the One Health approach. <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> colonizes the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of poultry with a high bacterial load in the caeca. However, the mechanism of <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> colonization in chickens is still not understood albeit it is well known that <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> resides primarily in the mucosal layer of the chicken intestine. Therefore, in the actual study we focused on the effect of exposure to DON and\/or <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> on expression profiles of intestinal mucins (MUC1, MUC2), \u03b2-defensins (Gallinacin (GAL) 10, 12), cytokines (Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), Interleukin (IL) 6, 8, Interferon-\u03b3 (IFN)-\u03b3), inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2), as well as selected tight junction proteins (Claudin 5 (CLDN5), Occludin (OCLN), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO1) via RT-qPCR. For this, a total of 150 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to six different groups (n\u2009=\u200925 with 5 replicates\/group) and were fed for 5\u00a0weeks with either contaminated diets (5 or 10\u00a0mg DON\/kg feed) or basal diets (control). Following oral infection of birds with <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> NCTC 12744 at 14\u00a0days of age, several changes in gene expression patterns were demonstrated. A significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.05) downregulation of MUC2 mRNA expression was observed in birds fed DON5 and DON10 diet, as well as in birds co-exposed to DON5 and <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> at 7\u00a0dpi. Furthermore, at 14\u00a0dpi, MUC2 mRNA expression was significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.05) downregulated in birds fed DON (5\u00a0mg and 10\u00a0mg\/kg diet) with and without <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> and in birds infected solely with <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>. The actual study also demonstrated that co-exposure of broiler chickens to DON and <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> resulted in a decreased barrier function via downregulation of OCLD mRNA expression. In addition, <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> infection induced an increased expression of the antimicrobial peptide GAL12 and the IL8 gene, indicating that <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> can initiate an immune response in the chicken gut in a proinflammatory manner. Similarly, DON with and without <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> induced upregulation of GAL10 and GAL12 mRNA expression at 7\u00a0dpi. Moreover, no change in iNOS2 mRNA expression was observed in both the jejunum and the cecum at either 7\u00a0dpi or 14\u00a0dpi, suggesting unchanged NO production during exposure\/infection. In conclusion, we confirmed that DON contamination corresponding to the currently applicable EU guidance value of 5\u00a0mg DON\/kg feed affects the intestinal gene expression profiles of broilers,\u00a0mainly in a dose-independent manner<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Furthermore, DON exposure interacted synergistically with <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> challenge regarding mucins, innate immunity gene expression in either the jejunum or the cecum, suggesting immunomodulatory activity of both foodborne agents (DON and <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97672-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T06:19:22Z","timestamp":1745043562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exposure of broiler chickens to deoxynivalenol and Campylobacter jejuni induces substantial changes in intestinal gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wageha A.","family":"Awad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ruhnau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Doupovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Schatzmayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Grenier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"97672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew372","volume":"96","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiao, Y. et al. 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