{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:02:03Z","timestamp":1793728923860,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98012-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T12:33:18Z","timestamp":1745325198000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Optimal distributed generation placement and sizing using modified grey wolf optimization and ETAP for power system performance enhancement and protection adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nasreddine","family":"Bouchikhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fethi","family":"Boussadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riyadh","family":"Bouddou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodeji Olalekan","family":"Salau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Mekhilef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaima","family":"Gouder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarra","family":"Adiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Belabbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"98012_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/est2.70138","author":"K Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed, K., Sakravdia, D. & Sharma, C. Impact analysis of combining distributed generation with charging loads for electric vehicles accounting reliability. Energy Stor. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/est2.70138 (2025).","journal-title":"Energy Stor."},{"key":"98012_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82193-1","volume":"14","author":"S Adiche","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adiche, S. et al. Advanced control strategy for AC microgrids: A hybrid ANN-based adaptive PI controller with droop control and virtual impedance technique. Sci. Rep. 14, 31057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-82193-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"98012_CR3","first-page":"5","volume":"13","author":"TF Agajie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agajie, T. F., Salau, A. O., Hailu, E. A. & Awoke, Y. A. Power loss mitigation and voltage profile improvement with distributed generation using grid-based multi-objective harmony search algorithm. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 13(2), 5\u201310 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"98012_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2512","volume":"5","author":"P Alstone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alstone, P., Gershenson, D. & Kammen, D. Decentralized energy systems for clean electricity access. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5, 305\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nclimate2512 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"98012_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.15199\/48.2023.04.43","volume":"99","author":"A Achar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Achar, A. et al. Lyapunov-based robust power controllers for a wind farm using parallel multicell converters. Przegl\u0105d Elektrotech. 99, 247\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15199\/48.2023.04.43 (2023).","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Elektrotech."},{"key":"98012_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ilyushin, P., Mujohn, M. M. & Boyko, E. Increased effectiveness of photovoltaic power stations for frequency control in off-grid regions. in 2024 International Ural Conference on Electrical Power Engineering (UralCon) 254\u2013259 (IEEE, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/uralcon62137.2024.10718994.","DOI":"10.1109\/uralcon62137.2024.10718994"},{"key":"98012_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloei.2024.08.009","volume":"7","author":"M Swadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Swadi, M. et al. Investigating and predicting the role of photovoltaic, wind, and hydrogen energies in sustainable global energy evolution. Glob. Energy Interconnect. 7, 429\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloei.2024.08.009 (2024).","journal-title":"Glob. Energy Interconnect."},{"key":"98012_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-09310-0","author":"A Achar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Achar, A., Djeriri, Y., Benbouhenni, H., Bouddou, R. & Elbarbary, Z. M. S. Modified vector-controlled DFIG wind energy system using robust model predictive rotor current control. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-024-09310-0 (2024).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"98012_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-09920-8","author":"R Harkouss","year":"2025","unstructured":"Harkouss, R., Habli, S. & Dimassi, A. Carbon criminal: A literature review chasing the smooth break of renewable energy into the power spectrum. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-024-09920-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"98012_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.3390\/en17174501","volume":"17","author":"P Ar\u00e9valo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ar\u00e9valo, P. & Jurado, F. Impact of artificial intelligence on the planning and operation of distributed energy systems in smart grids. Energies 17, 4501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17174501 (2024).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"11","key":"98012_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4528","DOI":"10.3390\/app14114528","volume":"4","author":"M Aghahadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aghahadi, M. et al. Digitalization processes in distribution grids: A comprehensive review of strategies and challenges. Appl. Sci. 4(11), 4528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14114528 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"98012_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Purkait, P., Basu, M. & Nath, S. R. Renewable energy integration to electric power grid: Opportunities, challenges, and solutions. in Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 37\u2013100. (Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-97-1406-3_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-1406-3_3"},{"key":"98012_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.18280\/jesa.540305","volume":"54","author":"A Zeggai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeggai, A., Benhamida, F. & Bouddou, R. Power system analysis of seawater desalination plant in Algeria with different load scenarios. J. Eur. Syst. Autom. 54, 423\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18280\/jesa.540305 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Syst. Autom."},{"key":"98012_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85484-3","author":"K Fettah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fettah, K. et al. Optimal integration of photovoltaic sources and capacitor banks considering irradiance, temperature, and load changes in electric distribution system. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-85484-3 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98012_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.09.017","volume":"12","author":"V Saxena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saxena, V. et al. Navigating the complexities of distributed generation: Integration, challenges, and solutions. Energy Rep. 12, 3302\u20133322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.09.017 (2024).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"98012_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bouddou, R., Benhamida, F. & Belgacem, M. Profit analysis and optimization in a deregulated electricity market using DCOPF based LMP. in 2019 International Conference on Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics (ICAAID) vol. 1 1\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icaaid.2019.8934977 (IEEE, 2019).","DOI":"10.1109\/icaaid.2019.8934977"},{"key":"98012_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su17041346","author":"Q Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng, Q., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y. & Zhang, L. A review of distributed energy systems: Technologies, classification, and applications. Sustainability https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17041346 (2025).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"98012_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30765\/er.2518","author":"M Haba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haba, M., Benhamida, F., Souag, S., Bouddou, R. & Graa, A. Post-contingency assessment by sensitivity factors for power system congestion. Eng. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30765\/er.2518 (2024).","journal-title":"Eng. Rev."},{"key":"98012_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.111080","volume":"238","author":"J Qiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiao, J. et al. Active and reactive power coordination optimization for active distribution network considering mobile energy storage system and dynamic network reconfiguration. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 238, 111080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.111080 (2025).","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"98012_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49042-z","author":"T Ravi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ravi, T., Kumar, K., Dhanamjayulu, C., Khan, B. & Rajalakshmi, K. Analysis and mitigation of PQ disturbances in grid connected system using fuzzy logic based IUPQC. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-49042-z (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98012_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1007\/s42835-023-01457-4","volume":"18","author":"TF Agajie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agajie, T. F., Gebru, F. M., Salau, A. O. & Aeggegn, D. B. Investigation of distributed generation penetration limits in distribution networks using multi-objective particle swarm optimization technique. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. 18, 4025\u20134038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42835-023-01457-4 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Electr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"98012_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijeeps-2023-0166","author":"AS Sultan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sultan, A. S., Abdelaziz, A. Y., Attia, M. A. & Ray, P. Investigation of DG units influence on 66 kV sub-transmission system network considering region load growth: A case study. Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ijeeps-2023-0166 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst"},{"key":"98012_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4847","volume":"44","author":"M Bajaj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bajaj, M. & Singh, A. K. Grid integrated renewable DG systems: A review of power quality challenges and state-of-the-art mitigation techniques. Int. J. Energy Res. 44, 26\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/er.4847 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"98012_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54966\/jreen.v1i3.1304","author":"A Yachir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yachir, A. et al. Improved sliding mode control of a wind turbine system based on a developed permanent magnet synchronous generator. J. Renew. Energ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54966\/jreen.v1i3.1304 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Renew. Energ."},{"key":"98012_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.124541","volume":"377","author":"D Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Shafiullah, G. M., Das, C. K. & Wong, K. W. Optimal allocation of battery energy storage systems to improve system reliability and voltage and frequency stability in weak grids. Appl. Energy 377, 124541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.124541 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"98012_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24442","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3352027","volume":"12","author":"AF Qusayer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qusayer, A. F. & Hussain, S. M. S. Communication assisted protection scheme based on artificial neural networks for multi-microgrid. IEEE Access 12, 24442\u201324452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3352027 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"98012_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3539919","author":"R Pujari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pujari, R. & Alam, M. N. Review on distance relaying for the protection of modern power system networks. IEEE Access https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3539919 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"98012_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.110241","volume":"230","author":"K Islam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islam, K., Kim, D. & Abu-Siada, A. A review on adaptive power system protection schemes for future smart and micro grids, challenges and opportunities. Electric Power Syst. Res. 230, 110241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.110241 (2024).","journal-title":"Electric Power Syst. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"98012_CR29","first-page":"25","volume":"16","author":"HM Haruna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haruna, H. M., Badrududeen, T. U., Ayanlade, S. O. & Salau, A. O. Investigation of power system stability enhancement through multiple distributed generations. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 16(2), 25\u201330 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"98012_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-09655-6","author":"A Valencia-D\u00edaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valencia-D\u00edaz, A., Hincapi\u00e9, R. A. & Gallego, R. A. Optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation in electrical DC distribution networks using a stochastic mixed-integer LP model. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-024-09655-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"98012_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-024-10168-6","volume":"31","author":"EH Houssein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Houssein, E. H., Saeed, M. K., Hu, G. & Al-Sayed, M. M. Metaheuristics for solving global and engineering optimization problems: Review, applications, open issues and challenges. Arch. Comput. Methods Eng. 31, 4485\u20134519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11831-024-10168-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"98012_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.15199\/48.2020.11.12","volume":"96","author":"R Bouddou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bouddou, R., Benhamida, F., Zeggai, A., Ziane, I. & Belgacem, M. The dynamic economic dispatch in an integrated wind-thermal electricity market using simulated annealing algorithm. Przeglad Elektrotechn 96, 55\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15199\/48.2020.11.12 (2020).","journal-title":"Przeglad Elektrotechn"},{"key":"98012_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-11070-0","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Y. & Xiong, G. Metaheuristic optimization algorithms for multi-area economic dispatch of power systems: Part I\u2014a comprehensive survey. Artif. Intell. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-024-11070-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"98012_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007","volume":"69","author":"S Mirjalili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirjalili, S., Mirjalili, S. M. & Lewis, A. Grey wolf optimizer. Adv. Eng. Softw. 69, 46\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"98012_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-020-00995-8","volume":"12","author":"G Negi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Negi, G., Kumar, A., Pant, S. & Ram, M. GWO: A review and applications. Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag. 12, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13198-020-00995-8 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"98012_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-024-10185-5","author":"D Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu, D. et al. Cumulative significant advances in particle swarm optimization from 2018 to the present: Variants, analysis and applications. Arch. Comput. Methods Eng https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11831-024-10185-5 (2025).","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng"},{"key":"98012_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86232-3","author":"AR Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh, A. R. et al. Advanced microgrid optimization using price-elastic demand response and greedy rat swarm optimization for economic and environmental efficiency. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-86232-3 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"98012_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34057-3","volume":"13","author":"AB Alyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alyu, A. B., Salau, A. O., Khan, B. & Eneh, J. N. Hybrid GWO-PSO based optimal placement and sizing of multiple PV-DG units for power loss reduction and voltage profile improvement. Sci. Rep. 13(1), 6903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-34057-3 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98012_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-022-06767-9","volume":"26","author":"B Ahmadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmadi, B., Younesi, S., Ceylan, O. & Ozdemir, A. An advanced grey wolf optimization algorithm and its application to planning problem in smart grids. Soft Comput. 26, 3789\u20133808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-022-06767-9 (2022).","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"98012_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14807","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2017.2726586","volume":"5","author":"R Sanjay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sanjay, R., Jayabarathi, T., Raghunathan, T., Ramesh, V. & Mithulananthan, N. Optimal allocation of distributed generation using hybrid grey wolf optimizer. IEEE Access 5, 14807\u201314818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2017.2726586 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"98012_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.3390\/en16104060","volume":"16","author":"S Akhtar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akhtar, S. et al. Short-term load forecasting models: A review of challenges, progress, and the road ahead. Energies 16, 4060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en16104060 (2023).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"98012_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2019.08.011","volume":"11","author":"OD Montoya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montoya, O. D., Gil-Gonz\u00e1lez, W. & Grisales-Nore\u00f1a, L. F. An exact MINLP model for optimal location and sizing of DGs in distribution networks: A general algebraic modeling system approach. Ain Shams Eng. J. 11, 409\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asej.2019.08.011 (2020).","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"98012_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52815","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2980245","volume":"8","author":"A Selim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selim, A., Kamel, S., Alghamdi, A. S. & Jurado, F. Optimal placement of DGs in distribution system using an improved Harris Hawks optimizer based on single- and multi-objective approaches. IEEE Access 8, 52815\u201352829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.2980245 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"98012_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2022.108869","volume":"214","author":"K Subbaramaiah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Subbaramaiah, K. & Sujatha, P. Optimal DG unit placement in distribution networks by multi-objective whale optimization algorithm & its techno-economic analysis. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 214, 108869 (2023).","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"98012_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52547\/crpase.7.2.2356","author":"B Kc","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kc, B. & Alkhwaildi, H. Multi-objective TLBO and GWO-based optimization for placement of renewable energy resources in distribution system. Comput. Res. Progress Appl. Sci. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52547\/crpase.7.2.2356 (2021).","journal-title":"Comput. Res. Progress Appl. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"98012_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2025.110491","volume":"165","author":"KRKV Prasad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Prasad, K. R. K. V. et al. A multi-objective strategy for optimal DG and capacitors placement to improve technical, economic, and environmental benefits. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 165, 110491 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"98012_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gopu, P., Naaz, S. & Aiman, K. Optimal placement of distributed generation using genetic algorithm. in 2021 International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Computing, Communication and Sustainable Technologies (ICAECT) 1\u20136 (IEEE, 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icaect49130.2021.9392496.","DOI":"10.1109\/icaect49130.2021.9392496"},{"key":"98012_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2013.12.001","volume":"15","author":"A Mohamed Imran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohamed Imran, A. & Kowsalya, M. Optimal size and siting of multiple distributed generators in distribution system using bacterial foraging optimization. Swarm Evol. Comput. 15, 58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.swevo.2013.12.001 (2014).","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"98012_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2017.2748220","volume":"14","author":"NK Meena","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meena, N. K., Parashar, S., Swarnkar, A., Gupta, N. & Niazi, K. R. Improved elephant herding optimization for multiobjective DER accommodation in distribution systems. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inform. 14, 1029\u20131039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tii.2017.2748220 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inform."},{"key":"98012_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6644","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126644","volume":"13","author":"A Selim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Selim, A., Kamel, S., Mohamed, A. A. & Elattar, E. E. Optimal allocation of multiple types of distributed generations in radial distribution systems using a hybrid technique. Sustainability 13, 6644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13126644 (2021).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"98012_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.10.030","volume":"233\u2013234","author":"A Bayat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bayat, A. & Bagheri, A. Optimal active and reactive power allocation in distribution networks using a novel heuristic approach. Appl. Energy 233\u2013234, 71\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.10.030 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"98012_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2018.1451371","volume":"41","author":"A Rajendran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajendran, A. & Narayanan, K. Optimal multiple installation of DG and capacitor for energy loss reduction and loadability enhancement in the radial distribution network using the hybrid WIPSO\u2013GSA algorithm. Int. J. Ambient Energy 41, 129\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01430750.2018.1451371 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ambient Energy"},{"key":"98012_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11407","DOI":"10.3390\/su132011407","volume":"13","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad, S. & ul Asar, A. Reliability enhancement of electric distribution network using optimal placement of distributed generation. Sustainability 13, 11407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su132011407 (2021).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"98012_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/rpg2.12942","author":"M Cikan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cikan, M., Cikan, N. N. & Kekezoglu, B. Determination of optimal island regions with simultaneous DG allocation and reconfiguration in power distribution networks. IET Renew. Power Gener. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/rpg2.12942 (2025).","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"98012_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29354\/diag\/197296","author":"DA AbdelQader","year":"2025","unstructured":"AbdelQader, D. A. & Alkhayyat, M. T. Power loss minimization of an IEEE 33 bus radial distribution grid using system reconfiguration with genetic algorithm. Diagnostyka https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29354\/diag\/197296 (2025).","journal-title":"Diagnostyka"},{"key":"98012_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-024-02504-7","volume":"107","author":"Y Chu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chu, Y. & Hu, F. Presenting a new method for optimal placement of reliability-based distributed generation units in the transmission system considering the demand response schedule. Electr. Eng. (Berl., Print) 107, 79\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00202-024-02504-7 (2025).","journal-title":"Electr. Eng. (Berl., Print)"},{"key":"98012_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2023.2288136","author":"R Babu Magadum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Babu Magadum, R. & Kulkarni, D. B. Optimal placement and sizing of multiple distributed generators in power distribution networks. Int. J. Ambient Energy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01430750.2023.2288136 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ambient Energy"},{"key":"98012_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bouchikhi, N., Boussadia, F., Habchi, Y., Haouam, I. & Bouddou, R. Optimal sizing and placement of distributed generation with short-circuit analysis using a combined technique based on modified PSO and ETAP. in 2024 2nd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Automatic Control (ICEEAC) 1\u20136 (IEEE, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iceeac61226.2024.10576230.","DOI":"10.1109\/iceeac61226.2024.10576230"},{"key":"98012_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.54966\/jreen.v1i3.1298","volume":"1","author":"N Bouchikhi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bouchikhi, N. et al. A Modified Genetic Algorithm for optimizing the placement and sizing of distributed generators in radial distribution systems including security analysis. J. Renew. Energ. 1, 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54966\/jreen.v1i3.1298 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Renew. Energ."},{"key":"98012_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003129721","volume-title":"Electric Power Distribution Engineering: International Student Edition","author":"T G\u00f6nen","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u00f6nen, T., Chee-Wooi, T. & Mehrizi-Sani, A. Electric Power Distribution Engineering: International Student Edition (Taylor & Francis, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003129721."},{"key":"98012_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.18280\/isi.250602","volume":"25","author":"R Bouddou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bouddou, R., Benhamida, F., Haba, M., Belgacem, M. & Meziane, M. A. Simulated annealing algorithm for dynamic economic dispatch problem in the electricity market incorporating wind energy. Ing\u00e9nierie des Syst\u00e8mes d Inf 25, 719\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18280\/isi.250602 (2020).","journal-title":"Ing\u00e9nierie des Syst\u00e8mes d Inf"},{"key":"98012_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jestch.2017.09.001","volume":"20","author":"N Nahak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nahak, N. & Mallick, R. K. Damping of power system oscillations by a novel DE-GWO optimized dual UPFC controller. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 20, 1275\u20131284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jestch.2017.09.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"key":"98012_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/MACHINES9010020","volume":"9","author":"W Haider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haider, W. et al. Voltage profile enhancement and loss minimization using optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation in reconfigured network. Machines 9, 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/MACHINES9010020 (2021).","journal-title":"Machines"},{"key":"98012_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zare, K. & (Eds. )., N. S. Operation of distributed energy resources in smart distribution networks. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/C2017-0-02272-3 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/C2017-0-02272-3"},{"key":"98012_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106191","volume":"91","author":"MCV Suresh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suresh, M. C. V. & Edward, J. B. A hybrid algorithm based optimal placement of DG units for loss reduction in the distribution system. Appl. Soft Comput. 91, 106191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106191 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"98012_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-017-3272-5","volume":"30","author":"H Faris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faris, H., Aljarah, I., Al-Betar, M. A. & Mirjalili, S. Grey wolf optimizer: A review of recent variants and applications. Neural Comput. Appl. 30, 413\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3272-5 (2018).","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"98012_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-09202-8","volume":"36","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Y., As\u2019arry, A., Hassan, M. K., Hairuddin, A. A. & Mohamad, H. Review of the grey wolf optimization algorithm: Variants and applications. Neural Comput. Appl. 36, 2713\u20132735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-023-09202-8 (2024).","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"98012_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.111581","volume":"158","author":"M Elsisi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elsisi, M. Optimal design of adaptive model predictive control based on improved GWO for autonomous vehicle considering system vision uncertainty. Appl. Soft Comput. 158, 111581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.111581 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"98012_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-018-9634-2","volume":"52","author":"NM Hatta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hatta, N. M., Zain, A. M., Sallehuddin, R., Shayfull, Z. & Yusoff, Y. Recent studies on optimisation method of grey wolf optimiser (GWO): A review (2014\u20132017). Artif. Intell. Rev. 52, 2651\u20132683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-018-9634-2 (2019).","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"98012_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22991","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3304889","volume":"12","author":"SN Makhadmeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Makhadmeh, S. N. et al. Recent advances in grey wolf optimizer, its versions and applications: Review. IEEE Access 12, 22991\u201323028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3304889 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"98012_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6843","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186843","volume":"22","author":"L Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong, L. et al. An improved grey wolf optimization with multi-strategy ensemble for robot path planning. Sensors (Basel) 22, 6843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22186843 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"98012_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3233\/fi-2017-1539","volume":"153","author":"H Joshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joshi, H. & Arora, S. Enhanced grey wolf optimization algorithm for global optimization. Fundam. Inform. 153, 235\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/fi-2017-1539 (2017).","journal-title":"Fundam. Inform."},{"key":"98012_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.eee.19.10.1941","volume":"19","author":"H Manafi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manafi, H., Ghadimi, N., Ojaroudi, M. & Farhadi, P. Optimal placement of distributed generations in radial distribution systems using various PSO and DE algorithms. Elektron. Ir Elektrotech. 19, 53\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5755\/j01.eee.19.10.1941 (2013).","journal-title":"Elektron. Ir Elektrotech."},{"key":"98012_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meddeb, A., Sahbeni, N., Jmii, H. & Chebbi, S. Impact of distributed generation on the protection system in Tunisian distribution network. in 2018 15th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD) 514\u2013520, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ssd.2018.8570584 (IEEE, 2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/ssd.2018.8570584"},{"key":"98012_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2478\/jee-2013-0039","volume":"64","author":"A Nuhanovi\u0107","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nuhanovi\u0107, A., Hivziefendi\u0107, J. & Had\u017eimehmedovi\u0107, A. Distribution network reconfiguration considering power losses and outages costs using genetic algorithm. J. Electr. Eng. 64, 265\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/jee-2013-0039 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"98012_CR76","unstructured":"Gallery, T., Martinez, L. & Klopotan, D. Impact of distributed generation on distribution network protection.\u00a0ESBI Eng. Fac. Manag. Ireland (2005)."},{"key":"98012_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sadeh, J., Bashir, M. & Kamyab, E. Effect of distributed generation capacity on the coordination of protection system of distribution network. in 2010 IEEE\/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America (T&D-LA) 110\u2013115 (IEEE, 2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tdc-la.2010.5762869.","DOI":"10.1109\/tdc-la.2010.5762869"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98012-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98012-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98012-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T12:33:19Z","timestamp":1745325199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98012-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-98012-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}],"article-number":"13919"}}