{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:54:09Z","timestamp":1787003649006,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98017-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T10:34:51Z","timestamp":1745490891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex-specific Mendelian randomization phenome-wide association study of basal metabolic rate"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jack C. M.","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-5887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Mary","family":"Schooling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"98017_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23090","volume":"29","author":"SB Heymsfield","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heymsfield, S. B. et al. Resting energy expenditure: from cellular to Whole-Body level, a mechanistic historical perspective. Obes. (Silver Spring). 29, 500\u2013511 (2021).","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"98017_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000001024","volume":"33","author":"KL Rose","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rose, K. L., Evans, E. W., Sonneville, K. R. & Richmond, T. The set point: weight destiny established before adulthood? Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 33, 368\u2013372 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"98017_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.01.002","volume":"93","author":"L Busetto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Busetto, L. et al. Mechanisms of weight regain. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 93, 3\u20137 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"98017_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walczak, K. & Sieminska, L. Obesity and thyroid Axis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 18 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189434"},{"key":"98017_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2016.00056","volume":"3","author":"N Caron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caron, N., Peyrot, N., Caderby, T., Verkindt, C. & Dalleau, G. Energy expenditure in people with diabetes mellitus: A review. Front. Nutr. 3, 56 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.96","volume":"70","author":"SA Purcell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Purcell, S. A., Elliott, S. A., Baracos, V. E., Chu, Q. S. & Prado, C. M. Key determinants of energy expenditure in cancer and implications for clinical practice. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 1230\u20131238 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00016.2008","volume":"89","author":"MJ Tisdale","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tisdale, M. J. Mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Physiol. Rev. 89, 381\u2013410 (2009).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"98017_CR8","first-page":"125","volume":"10","author":"T Van Soom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Soom, T. et al. Perspective: towards personalised metabolic coaching in Cancer. Facts Views Vis. ObGyn. 10, 125\u2013130 (2018).","journal-title":"Facts Views Vis. ObGyn"},{"key":"98017_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000457","volume":"21","author":"A Jouinot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jouinot, A., Vazeille, C. & Goldwasser, F. Resting energy metabolism and anticancer treatments. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 21, 145\u2013151 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"98017_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-7","volume":"7","author":"TN Seyfried","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seyfried, T. N. & Shelton, L. M. Cancer as a metabolic disease. Nutr. Metab. (Lond). 7, 7 (2010).","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. (Lond)"},{"key":"98017_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-73","volume":"12","author":"JA Cooper","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cooper, J. A. et al. Longitudinal change in energy expenditure and effects on energy requirements of the elderly. Nutr. J. 12, 73 (2013).","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"98017_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602262","volume":"60","author":"G Alfonzo-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alfonzo-Gonz\u00e1lez, G., Doucet, E., Bouchard, C. & Tremblay, A. Greater than predicted decrease in resting energy expenditure with age: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 60, 18\u201324 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0055-4","volume":"14","author":"PM Luhrmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Luhrmann, P. M., Edelmann-Schafer, B. & Neuhauser-Berthold, M. Changes in resting metabolic rate in an elderly German population: cross-sectional and longitudinal data. J. Nutr. Health Aging. 14, 232\u2013236 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"98017_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zampino, M., AlGhatrif, M., Kuo, P. L., Simonsick, E. M. & Ferrucci, L. Longitudinal changes in resting metabolic rates with aging are accelerated by diseases. Nutrients 12 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103061"},{"key":"98017_CR15","unstructured":"Kim, S. & Jazwinski, S. M. Quantitative measures of healthy aging and biological age. Healthy Aging Res. 4 (2015)."},{"key":"98017_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu209","volume":"70","author":"E Fabbri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fabbri, E. et al. Energy metabolism and the burden of Multimorbidity in older adults: results from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 70, 1297\u20131303 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"98017_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790347","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.790347","volume":"12","author":"F Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han, F. et al. Association between basal metabolic rate and All-Cause mortality in a prospective cohort of Southern Chinese adults. Front. Physiol. 12, 790347 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"98017_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E972","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2944","volume":"96","author":"R Jumpertz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jumpertz, R. et al. Higher energy expenditure in humans predicts natural mortality. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, E972\u2013976 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"98017_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.7.698","volume":"63","author":"C Ruggiero","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ruggiero, C. et al. High basal metabolic rate is a risk factor for mortality: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 63, 698\u2013706 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"98017_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12968","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12968","volume":"18","author":"Y Kitazoe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kitazoe, Y., Kishino, H., Tanisawa, K., Udaka, K. & Tanaka, M. Renormalized basal metabolic rate describes the human aging process and longevity. Aging Cell. 18, e12968 (2019).","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"key":"98017_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11525","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11525","volume":"5","author":"SW Jansen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jansen, S. W. et al. Human longevity is characterised by high thyroid stimulating hormone secretion without altered energy metabolism. Sci. Rep. 5, 11525 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98017_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0390","volume":"90","author":"MR Rizzo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rizzo, M. R. et al. Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient in human longevity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 409\u2013413 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"98017_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1754716","volume":"38","author":"K MacKenzie-Shalders","year":"2020","unstructured":"MacKenzie-Shalders, K., Kelly, J. T., So, D., Coffey, V. G. & Byrne, N. M. The effect of exercise interventions on resting metabolic rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Sports Sci. 38, 1635\u20131649 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"98017_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602517","volume":"61","author":"KD Ahuja","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahuja, K. D., Robertson, I. K., Geraghty, D. P. & Ball, M. J. The effect of 4-week Chilli supplementation on metabolic and arterial function in humans. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 326\u2013333 (2007).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602901","volume":"63","author":"A Belza","year":"2009","unstructured":"Belza, A., Toubro, S. & Astrup, A. The effect of caffeine, green tea and tyrosine on thermogenesis and energy intake. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 63, 57\u201364 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.8.295","volume":"8","author":"SJ Stohs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stohs, S. J. et al. Effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes. Int. J. Med. Sci. 8, 295\u2013301 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"98017_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-016-0125-z","volume":"13","author":"BI Campbell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Campbell, B. I. et al. The effects of a fat loss supplement on resting metabolic rate and hemodynamic variables in resistance trained males: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 13, 14 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001277","volume":"30","author":"E Jo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jo, E. et al. Dietary caffeine and polyphenol supplementation enhances overall metabolic rate and lipid oxidation at rest and after a bout of sprint interval exercise. J. Strength. Cond Res. 30, 1871\u20131879 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond Res."},{"key":"98017_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0206-7","volume":"15","author":"M Cameron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cameron, M., Camic, C. L., Doberstein, S., Erickson, J. L. & Jagim, A. R. The acute effects of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement on resting energy expenditure and exercise performance in recreationally active females. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 15, 1 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2018.1494660","volume":"17","author":"BI Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell, B. I. et al. A commercially available thermogenic dietary supplement increases resting metabolic rate in physically active males: A randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled investigation. J. Diet. Suppl. 17, 150\u2013160 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"98017_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280206077743","volume":"16","author":"V Didelez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Didelez, V. & Sheehan, N. Mendelian randomization as an instrumental variable approach to causal inference. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 16, 309\u2013330 (2007).","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"98017_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","volume":"32","author":"GD Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith, G. D. & Ebrahim, S. Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to Understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int. J. Epidemiol. 32, 1\u201322 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040352","volume":"4","author":"GD Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith, G. D. et al. Clustered environments and randomized genes: a fundamental distinction between conventional and genetic epidemiology. PLoS Med. 4, e352 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"98017_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-00973-y","volume":"37","author":"C Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Basal metabolic rate and risk of multiple sclerosis: a Mendelian randomization study. Metab. Brain Dis. 37, 1855\u20131861 (2022).","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"98017_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30294-8","volume":"5","author":"AJ Cornish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cornish, A. J. et al. Modifiable pathways for colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 55\u201362 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"98017_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735541","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.735541","volume":"12","author":"JCM Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, J. C. M. & Schooling, C. M. Effect of basal metabolic rate on cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. Front. Genet. 12, 735541 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"98017_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0273452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273452","volume":"17","author":"E Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, E., Ni, J., Tao, L. & Xie, T. A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study supports the causal effects of a high basal metabolic rate on colorectal cancer risk. PLoS One. 17, e0273452 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"98017_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13971","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13971","volume":"53","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Qiu, J., Meng, F. & Shu, X. Insight into the causality between basal metabolic rate and endometrial and ovarian cancers: analysis utilizing systematic Mendelian randomization and genetic association data from over 331,000 UK biobank participants. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 53, e13971 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"98017_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-05233-9","volume":"149","author":"Q Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du, Q., Zheng, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, L. & Zhou, Z. Genetically predicted thyroid function and risk of colorectal cancer: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 149, 14015\u201314024 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"98017_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01576-7","volume":"125","author":"S Si","year":"2021","unstructured":"Si, S. et al. Identifying causality, genetic correlation, priority and pathways of large-scale complex exposures of breast and ovarian cancers. Br. J. Cancer. 125, 1570\u20131581 (2021).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"98017_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0610","volume":"72","author":"A Baranova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baranova, A., Song, Y., Cao, H. & Zhang, F. Causal associations between basal metabolic rate and COVID-19. Diabetes 72, 149\u2013154 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"98017_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28264","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28264","volume":"95","author":"A Baranova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baranova, A., Cao, H., Teng, S. & Zhang, F. A phenome-wide investigation of risk factors for severe COVID-19. J. Med. Virol. 95, e28264 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"98017_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Y. et al. Insights into modifiable risk factors of erectile dysfunction, a wide-angled Mendelian randomization study. J. Adv. Res. (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.05.008"},{"key":"98017_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34410-6","volume":"13","author":"JCM Ng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ng, J. C. M. & Schooling, C. M. Effect of basal metabolic rate on lifespan: a sex-specific Mendelian randomization study. Sci. Rep. 13, 7761 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98017_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096519","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1096519","volume":"11","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, J. et al. Effect of basal metabolic rate on osteoporosis: A Mendelian randomization study. Front. Public. Health. 11, 1096519 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"98017_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.6.2514","volume":"75","author":"PJ Arciero","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arciero, P. J., Goran, M. I. & Poehlman, E. T. Resting metabolic rate is lower in women than in men. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985). 75, 2514\u20132520 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"98017_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq126","volume":"26","author":"JC Denny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Denny, J. C. et al. PheWAS: demonstrating the feasibility of a phenome-wide scan to discover gene-disease associations. Bioinformatics 26, 1205\u20131210 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"98017_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101038","volume":"64","author":"JL Dorling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dorling, J. L., Martin, C. K. & Redman, L. M. Calorie restriction for enhanced longevity: the role of novel dietary strategies in the present obesogenic environment. Ageing Res. Rev. 64, 101038 (2020).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"98017_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e318199ff69","volume":"29","author":"MA Tresierras","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tresierras, M. A. & Balady, G. J. Resistance training in the treatment of diabetes and obesity: mechanisms and outcomes. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil Prev. 29, 67\u201375 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil Prev."},{"key":"98017_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300630","volume":"209","author":"SM Sodini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sodini, S. M., Kemper, K. E., Wray, N. R. & Trzaskowski, M. Comparison of genotypic and phenotypic correlations: Cheverud\u2019s conjecture in humans. Genetics 209, 941\u2013948 (2018).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"98017_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J. et al. PhenoSpD: an integrated toolkit for phenotypic correlation Estimation and multiple testing correction using GWAS summary statistics. Gigascience 7 (2018).","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giy090"},{"key":"98017_CR52","first-page":"332","volume":"74","author":"S Welle","year":"1992","unstructured":"Welle, S., Jozefowicz, R., Forbes, G. & Griggs, R. C. Effect of testosterone on metabolic rate and body composition in normal men and men with muscular dystrophy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74, 332\u2013335 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"98017_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002813","volume":"33","author":"AR Jagim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jagim, A. R. et al. Sex differences in resting metabolic rate among athletes. J. Strength. Cond Res. 33, 3008\u20133014 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond Res."},{"key":"98017_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.087213","volume":"126","author":"JO Hill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H. R. & Peters, J. C. Energy balance and obesity. Circulation 126, 126\u2013132 (2012).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"98017_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.008755","volume":"7","author":"IP Carneiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carneiro, I. P. et al. Is obesity associated with altered energy expenditure?? Adv. Nutr. 7, 476\u2013487 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00458-9","volume":"12","author":"Y Zou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Wang, Q. & Cheng, X. Causal relationship between basal metabolic rate and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A bidirectional Two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Neurol. Therapy. 12, 763\u2013776 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurol. Therapy"},{"key":"98017_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.002","volume":"93","author":"SD Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, S. D. et al. A Phenome-wide association and Mendelian randomization study for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A prospective cohort study of 502,493 participants from the UK biobank. Biol. Psychiatry. 93, 790\u2013801 (2023).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"98017_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4414-z","volume":"29","author":"VA Levin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levin, V. A., Jiang, X. & Kagan, R. Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis in the modern era. Osteoporos. Int. 29, 1049\u20131055 (2018).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"98017_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciak, S. et al. Low basal metabolic rate as a risk factor for development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open. Diabetes Res. Care 8 (2020).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001381"},{"key":"98017_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e698","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab629","volume":"107","author":"AS Foulkes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Foulkes, A. S. et al. Understanding the link between obesity and severe COVID-19 outcomes: causal mediation by systemic inflammatory response. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 107, e698\u2013e707 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"98017_CR61","first-page":"e22711","volume":"14","author":"D Khanna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khanna, D., Khanna, S., Khanna, P., Kahar, P. & Patel, B. M. Obesity: A chronic Low-Grade inflammation and its markers. Cureus 14, e22711 (2022).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"98017_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221092644","volume":"28","author":"MM Almramhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almramhi, M. M. et al. The role of body fat in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and severity: A Mendelian randomisation study. Mult Scler. 28, 1673\u20131684 (2022).","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"key":"98017_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834644","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.834644","volume":"13","author":"M Vandebergh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vandebergh, M., Becelaere, S., Group, C. I. W., Dubois, B. & Goris, A. Body mass index, Interleukin-6 signaling and multiple sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study. Front. Immunol. 13, 834644 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"98017_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10119-8","volume":"268","author":"S Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuan, S., Xiong, Y. & Larsson, S. C. An atlas on risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a Mendelian randomization study. J. Neurol. 268, 114\u2013124 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"98017_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, M., Zhi, H., Yang, S., Yu, E. Y. & Wang, L. Body mass index and the risk of atrial fibrillation: A Mendelian randomization study. Nutrients 14 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091878"},{"key":"98017_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz388","volume":"41","author":"SC Larsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Larsson, S. C., Back, M., Rees, J. M. B., Mason, A. M. & Burgess, S. Body mass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK biobank: a Mendelian randomization study. Eur. Heart J. 41, 221\u2013226 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"98017_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12299","volume":"277","author":"J Klovaite","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klovaite, J., Benn, M. & Nordestgaard, B. G. Obesity as a causal risk factor for deep venous thrombosis: a Mendelian randomization study. J. Intern. Med. 277, 573\u2013584 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"98017_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2021.08.026","volume":"207","author":"JS Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan, J. S., Liu, N. N., Guo, T. T., Hu, S. & Hua, L. Genetically predicted obesity and risk of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb. Res. 207, 16\u201324 (2021).","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"98017_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1980-8852","volume":"123","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Genetic predisposition of both waist circumference and hip circumference increased the risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb. Haemost. 123, 347\u2013361 (2023).","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost"},{"key":"98017_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-017-1811-x","volume":"136","author":"S Lindstrom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lindstrom, S. et al. Assessing the causal relationship between obesity and venous thromboembolism through a Mendelian randomization study. Hum. Genet. 136, 897\u2013902 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"98017_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13719","volume":"15","author":"NS Roetker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roetker, N. S. et al. Taller height as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism: a Mendelian randomization meta-analysis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 15, 1334\u20131343 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost"},{"key":"98017_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011896","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1011896","volume":"13","author":"C Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Causal associations of obesity related anthropometric indicators and body compositions with knee and hip arthritis: A large-scale genetic correlation study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 13, 1011896 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"98017_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100457","volume":"21","author":"JA Bell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bell, J. A. et al. Effects of general and central adiposity on Circulating lipoprotein, lipid, and metabolite levels in UK biobank: A multivariable Mendelian randomization study. Lancet Reg. Health Europe. 21, 100457 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Europe"},{"key":"98017_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39551-2","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Causal association between basal metabolic rate and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. Sci. Rep. 13, 12487 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98017_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740200","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.740200","volume":"12","author":"J Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Mi, J., Peng, Y., Han, H. & Liu, Z. Causal associations of obesity with the intervertebral degeneration, low back pain, and sciatica: A Two-Sample Mendelian randomization study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 12, 740200 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"98017_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm7649","volume":"377","author":"CR White","year":"2022","unstructured":"White, C. R., Alton, L. A., Bywater, C. L., Lombardi, E. J. & Marshall, D. J. Metabolic scaling is the product of life-history optimization. Science 377, 834\u2013839 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"98017_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13366","volume":"44","author":"R Shah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shah, R., Vlasak, N. & Evans, B. J. W. High myopia: reviews of myopia control strategies and myopia complications. Ophthalmic Physiological Optics: J. Br. Coll. Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 44, 1248\u20131260 (2024).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiological Optics: J. Br. Coll. Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)"},{"key":"98017_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30572-X","volume":"390","author":"JCK Wells","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wells, J. C. K., Nesse, R. M., Sear, R., Johnstone, R. A. & Stearns, S. C. Evolutionary public health: introducing the concept. Lancet 390, 500\u2013509 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"98017_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30573-1","volume":"390","author":"G Jasienska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jasienska, G., Bribiescas, R. G., Furberg, A. S. & Helle, S. Nunez-de La Mora, A. Human reproduction and health: an evolutionary perspective. Lancet 390, 510\u2013520 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"98017_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(91)90307-Q","volume":"40","author":"W Rosner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rosner, W., Hryb, D. J., Khan, M. S., Nakhla, A. M. & Romas, N. A. Sex hormone-binding Globulin: anatomy and physiology of a new regulatory system. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40, 813\u2013820 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"98017_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0751-5","volume":"26","author":"KS Ruth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruth, K. S. et al. Using human genetics to understand the disease impacts of testosterone in men and women. Nat. Med. 26, 252\u2013258 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"98017_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610852","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.610852","volume":"11","author":"CM Schooling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schooling, C. M. et al. Use of multivariable Mendelian randomization to address biases due to competing risk before recruitment. Front. Genet. 11, 610852 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"98017_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998","volume":"40","author":"S Burgess","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Davies, N. M. & Thompson, S. G. Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization. Genet. Epidemiol. 40, 597\u2013608 (2016).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab084","volume":"50","author":"C Minelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Minelli, C. et al. The use of two-sample methods for Mendelian randomization analyses on single large datasets. Int. J. Epidemiol. 50, 1651\u20131659 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw252","volume":"45","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden, J. et al. Assessing the suitability of summary data for two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses using MR-Egger regression: the role of the I2 statistic. Int. J. Epidemiol. 45, 1961\u20131974 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy262","volume":"48","author":"E Sanderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanderson, E., Davey Smith, G., Windmeijer, F. & Bowden, J. An examination of multivariable Mendelian randomization in the single-sample and two-sample summary data settings. Int. J. Epidemiol. 48, 713\u2013727 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","volume":"27","author":"DA Lawlor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Sterne, J. A. & Timpson, N. Davey Smith, G. Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Stat. Med. 27, 1133\u20131163 (2008).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"98017_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.05.005","volume":"113","author":"PM Lopez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lopez, P. M., Subramanian, S. V. & Schooling, C. M. Effect measure modification conceptualized using selection diagrams as mediation by mechanisms of varying population-level relevance. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 113, 123\u2013128 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m131","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m131","volume":"368","author":"GD Batty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batty, G. D., Gale, C. R., Kivimaki, M., Deary, I. J. & Bell, S. Comparison of risk factor associations in UK biobank against representative, general population based studies with conventional response rates: prospective cohort study and individual participant meta-analysis. BMJ 368, m131 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"98017_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007081","volume":"13","author":"G Hemani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hemani, G. & Tilling, K. Davey Smith, G. Orienting the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data. PLoS Genet. 13, e1007081 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"98017_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563","volume":"389","author":"AM Lincoff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lincoff, A. M. et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl. J. Med. 389, 2221\u20132232 (2023).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"98017_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-01564-w","volume":"630","author":"R Fairbank","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fairbank, R. Ozempic keeps wowing: trial data show benefits for kidney disease. Nature 630, 16\u201317 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"98017_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2022.101922","volume":"46","author":"PH Reis-Barbosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reis-Barbosa, P. H., Marcondes-de-Castro, I. A., Marinho, T. S., Aguila, M. B. & Mandarim-de-Lacerda, C. A. The mTORC1\/AMPK pathway plays a role in the beneficial effects of semaglutide (GLP-1 receptor agonist) on the liver of obese mice. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 46, 101922 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"98017_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schooling, C. M., Yang, G., Soliman, G. A. & Leung, G. M. A Hypothesis That Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Exert Immediate and Multifaceted Effects by Activating Adenosine Monophosphate-Activate Protein Kinase (AMPK). Life (Basel, Switzerland). 15 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/life15020253"},{"key":"98017_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.321850","volume":"45","author":"C Stone","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stone, C. et al. Semaglutide improves myocardial perfusion and performance in a large animal model of coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol. 45, 285\u2013297 (2025).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol."},{"key":"98017_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1120","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00210.2014","volume":"307","author":"M Balteau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balteau, M. et al. AMPK activation by glucagon-like peptide-1 prevents NADPH oxidase activation induced by hyperglycemia in adult cardiomyocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 307, H1120\u20131133 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"98017_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2004.12.003","volume":"1","author":"BB Kahn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kahn, B. B., Alquier, T., Carling, D. & Hardie, D. G. AMP-activated protein kinase: ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern Understanding of metabolism. Cell. Metab. 1, 15\u201325 (2005).","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"98017_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00992-y","volume":"20","author":"HT Langer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Langer, H. T., Rohm, M., Goncalves, M. D. & Sylow, L. AMPK as a mediator of tissue preservation: time for a shift in dogma? Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 20, 526\u2013540 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"98017_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12766","volume":"12","author":"C Laurens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laurens, C. et al. Is muscle and protein loss relevant in long-term fasting in healthy men? A prospective trial on physiological adaptations. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 12, 1690\u20131703 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"98017_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19920118","volume":"68","author":"MJ Soares","year":"1992","unstructured":"Soares, M. J., Kulkarni, R. N., Piers, L. S., Vaz, M. & Shetty, P. S. Energy supplementation reverses changes in the basal metabolic rates of chronically undernourished individuals. Br. J. Nutr. 68, 593\u2013602 (1992).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02898148","volume":"11","author":"K Kouda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kouda, K. et al. Metabolic response to short-term 4-day energy restriction in a controlled study. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 11, 89\u201392 (2006).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"98017_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.5.941","volume":"82","author":"AM Johnstone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnstone, A. M., Murison, S. D., Duncan, J. S., Rance, K. A. & Speakman, J. R. Factors influencing variation in basal metabolic rate include fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and Circulating thyroxine but not sex, Circulating leptin, or Triiodothyronine. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82, 941\u2013948 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"98017_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S. K., Son, D. H., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, H. S. & Lee, J. W. Association between basal metabolic rate and handgrip strength in older Koreans. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 16 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224377"},{"key":"98017_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2017.02.002","volume":"206","author":"F Luna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luna, F., Naya, H. & Naya, D. E. Understanding evolutionary variation in basal metabolic rate: an analysis in subterranean rodents. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 206, 87\u201394 (2017).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"98017_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","volume":"12","author":"C Sudlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudlow, C. et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 12, e1001779 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"98017_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240171","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1240171","volume":"14","author":"M Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, M. et al. Lifestyle factors, serum parameters, metabolic comorbidities, and the risk of kidney stones: a Mendelian randomization study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 14, 1240171 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"98017_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65310-y","volume":"14","author":"L Xia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xia, L. et al. A Mendelian randomization study between metabolic syndrome and its components with prostate cancer. Sci. Rep. 14, 14338 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98017_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01443-4","volume":"16","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, S., Mu, Z., Chen, X. & Xu, Y. The impact of sex hormones on metabolic syndrome: univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization studies. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 16, 215 (2024).","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"98017_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34408","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","volume":"7","author":"G Hemani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hemani, G. et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife 7, e34408 (2018).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"98017_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2135-0","volume":"19","author":"A Verma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verma, A. et al. A simulation study investigating power estimates in phenome-wide association studies. BMC Bioinform. 19, 120 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"98017_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731868","volume":"11","author":"A Wald","year":"1940","unstructured":"Wald, A. The fitting of straight lines if both variables are subject to error. Ann. Math. Stat. 11, 284\u2013300 (1940).","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"98017_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr026","volume":"173","author":"TM Palmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palmer, T. M. et al. Instrumental variable Estimation of causal risk ratios and causal odds ratios in Mendelian randomization analyses. Am. J. Epidemiol. 173, 1392\u20131403 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","volume":"37","author":"S Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Butterworth, A. & Thompson, S. G. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet. Epidemiol. 37, 658\u2013665 (2013).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7221","volume":"36","author":"J Bowden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bowden, J. et al. A framework for the investigation of Pleiotropy in two-sample summary data Mendelian randomization. Stat. Med. 36, 1783\u20131802 (2017).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"98017_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6522","volume":"34","author":"MFD Greco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greco, M. F. D., Minelli, C., Sheehan, N. A. & Thompson, J. R. Detecting Pleiotropy in Mendelian randomisation studies with summary data and a continuous outcome. Stat. Med. 34, 2926\u20132940 (2015).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"98017_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","volume":"40","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., Haycock, P. C. & Burgess, S. Consistent Estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet. Epidemiol. 40, 304\u2013314 (2016).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G. & Burgess, S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect Estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int. J. Epidemiol. 44, 512\u2013525 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1214\/19-AOS1866","volume":"48","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Wang, J., Hemani, G., Bowden, J. & Small, D. S. Statistical inference in two-sample summary-data Mendelian randomization using robust adjusted profile score. Ann. Stat. 48, 1742\u20131769 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"98017_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx034","volume":"46","author":"OO Yavorska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yavorska, O. O. & Burgess, S. MendelianRandomization: an R package for performing Mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data. Int. J. Epidemiol. 46, 1734\u20131739 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16374.2","volume":"5","author":"JR Broadbent","year":"2020","unstructured":"Broadbent, J. R. et al. MendelianRandomization v0.5.0: updates to an R package for performing Mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data. Wellcome Open. Res. 5, 252 (2020).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open. Res."},{"key":"98017_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol. 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. R Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"98017_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","volume":"32","author":"S Burgess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgess, S. & Thompson, S. G. Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 32, 377\u2013389 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98017_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7492","volume":"36","author":"JMB Rees","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rees, J. M. B., Wood, A. M. & Burgess, S. Extending the MR-Egger method for multivariable Mendelian randomization to correct for both measured and unmeasured Pleiotropy. Stat. Med. 36, 4705\u20134718 (2017).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"98017_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu197","volume":"30","author":"RJ Carroll","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carroll, R. J., Bastarache, L. & Denny, J. C. R PheWAS: data analysis and plotting tools for phenome-wide association studies in the R environment. Bioinformatics 30, 2375\u20132376 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98017-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98017-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98017-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T12:06:50Z","timestamp":1745496410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98017-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-98017-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study protocol was not pre-registered. We used only publicly available summary-level data and did not collect any original data in this study. Ethics approval and consent from individual participants can be found in the original publications.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"14368"}}