{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:11:26Z","timestamp":1791558686116,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98018-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T02:18:01Z","timestamp":1744769881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Efficacy analysis and prognostic factors of first-line chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a real-world study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jian-Xi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Chuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Ling","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ming","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Nan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"98018_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00235-0","volume":"14","author":"CM Rudin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rudin, C. M. et al. Small-cell lung cancer. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 14, 3 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"98018_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13122","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202013122","volume":"11","author":"J Ko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ko, J. et al. Mechanisms of small cell lung cancer metastasis. EMBO Mol. Med. 11, e13122 (2021).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"98018_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0204","volume":"22","author":"TE Stinchcombe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stinchcombe, T. E. Current treatments for surgically resectable, limited-stage, and extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 22, 1510\u20131517 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"98018_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.03.207","volume":"32","author":"AC Dingemans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dingemans, A. C. et al. Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 32, 839\u2013853 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-021-00843-0","volume":"16","author":"ZT Al-Salama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Salama, Z. T.  Durvalumab: A review in extensive-stage SCLC. Target. Oncol. 16, 857\u2013864 (2021).","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.01.034","volume":"94","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Current diagnosis and management of small-cell lung cancer. Mayo Clin. Proc. 94, 1599\u20131622 (2019).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"98018_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.29.3423","volume":"29","author":"DR Spigel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spigel, D. R. et al. Randomized phase II study of bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy in previously untreated extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: Results from the SALUTE trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 2215\u20132222 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.11.3540","volume":"17","author":"H Okamoto","year":"1999","unstructured":"Okamoto, H. et al. Phase II study of area under the plasma-concentration-versus-time curve-based carboplatin plus standard-dose intravenous Etoposide in elderly patients with small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 3540\u20133545 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161931","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1161931","volume":"22","author":"J Sands","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sands, J. et al. Treating patients with platinum-sensitive extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in a real-world setting. Front. Oncol. 22, 1161931 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12954-8","volume":"27","author":"W Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, W. et al. Anlotinib plus oral fluoropyrimidine S-1 in refractory or relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SALTER TRIAL): A multicenter, single-arm, phase II trial. BMC Cancer 27, 1182 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"98018_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01881","volume":"20","author":"J Zugazagoitia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zugazagoitia, J. et al. Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: First-line and second-line treatment options. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 671\u2013680 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.08.3998","volume":"20","author":"JR Eckardt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eckardt, J. R. et al. Phase III study of oral compared with intravenous topotecan as second-line therapy in small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 2086\u20132092 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2023.107418","volume":"186","author":"SV Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, S. V. et al. Clinical and molecular characterization of long-term survivors with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer treated with first-line atezolizumab plus carboplatin and etoposide. Lung Cancer 186, 107418 (2023).","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"98018_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.01.010","volume":"11","author":"BY Nabet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nabet, B. Y. et al. Immune heterogeneity in small-cell lung cancer and vulnerability to immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Cell. 11, 429\u2013443e4 (2024).","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"98018_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2022.11.016","volume":"175","author":"CY Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, C. Y. et al. A potential treatment option for transformed small-cell lung cancer on PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapy improved survival. Lung Cancer 175, 68\u201378 (2023).","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"98018_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2022.100408","volume":"7","author":"L Paz-Ares","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paz-Ares, L. et al. Durvalumab, with or without Tremelimumab, plus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: 3-year overall survival update from CASPIAN. ESMO Open 7, 100408 (2022).","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"98018_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01363","volume":"20","author":"CM Rudin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rudin, C. M. et al. SKYSCRAPER-02: tiragolumab in combination with Atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in untreated extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 324\u2013335 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR18","first-page":"01799","volume":"24","author":"S Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, S. et al. The role of LMNB2 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma. Asian J. Surg. 24, 01799\u201301798 (2024).","journal-title":"Asian J. Surg."},{"key":"98018_CR19","first-page":"02098","volume":"24","author":"S Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, S. et al. Exploring FNDC4 as a biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy response in lung adenocarcinoma. Asian J. Surg. 24, 02098\u201302090 (2024).","journal-title":"Asian J. Surg."},{"key":"98018_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507501","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1507501","volume":"15","author":"X Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Targeting T cell exhaustion: Emerging strategies in non-small cell lung cancer. Front. Immunol. 15, 1507501 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"98018_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2022.05.016","volume":"17","author":"M Reck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reck, M. et al. Brief report: Exploratory analysis of maintenance therapy in patients with Extensive-Stage SCLC treated first line with atezolizumab plus carboplatin and Etoposide. J. Thorac. Oncol. 17, 1122\u20131129 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-1689","volume":"16","author":"L Paz-Ares","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paz-Ares, L. et al. Durvalumab\u2009\u00b1\u2009tremelimumab\u2009+\u2009platinum-etoposide in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): Outcomes by PD-L1 expression and tissue tumor mutational burden. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 824\u2013835 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"98018_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30539-8","volume":"22","author":"JW Goldman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldman, J. W. et al. CASPIAN investigators. Durvalumab, with or without Tremelimumab, plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide alone in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): updated results from a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 22, 51\u201365 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2019.08.003","volume":"79","author":"F Gelsomino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gelsomino, F. et al. The evolving landscape of immunotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: A focus on predictive biomarkers. Cancer Treat. Rev. 79, 101887 (2019).","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"98018_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3297-9","volume":"24","author":"TM Atkinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atkinson, T. M. et al. The association between clinician-based common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) and patient-reported outcomes (PRO): A systematic review. Support Care Cancer 24, 3669\u20133676 (2016).","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"98018_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774518799985","volume":"15","author":"PC Trask","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trask, P. C. et al. Patient-Reported outcomes version of the common terminology criteria for adverse events: methods for item selection in industry-sponsored oncology clinical trials. Clin. Trials. 15, 616\u2013623 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Trials."},{"key":"98018_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.03.081","volume":"62","author":"LH Schwartz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schwartz, L. H. et al. RECIST 1.1-Update and clarification: From the RECIST committee. Eur. J. Cancer 62, 132\u2013137 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"98018_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.05.008","volume":"93","author":"JH Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, J. H. Advancements in small cell lung cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol. 93, 123\u2013128 (2023).","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"98018_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13698","volume":"11","author":"S Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Efficacy and safety of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorac. Cancer. 11, 3536\u20133546 (2020).","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"98018_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809064","volume":"379","author":"L Horn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horn, L. et al. IMpower133 Study Group. First-line Atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. N Engl. J. Med. 379, 2220\u20132229 (2018).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"98018_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32222-6","volume":"394","author":"L Paz-Ares","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paz-Ares, L. et al. CASPIAN investigators. Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): A randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 394, 1929\u20131939 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"98018_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.16464","volume":"328","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. et al. Effect of First-line serplulimab versus placebo added to chemotherapy on survival in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: The ASTRUM-005 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 328, 1223\u20131232 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"98018_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00224-8","volume":"23","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Adebrelimab or placebo plus carboplatin and Etoposide as first-line treatment for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CAPSTONE-1): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 23, 739\u2013747 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"98018_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14635","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.e14635","volume":"42","author":"Z Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Comparison of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus concurrent or sequential radiochemotherapy in patients with driver mutation-lacking lung adenocarcinoma presenting with recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion leading to hoarseness. JCO 42, e14635\u2013e14635 (2024).","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"98018_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-03017-z","volume":"71","author":"H Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, H. et al. Efficacy and safety of PD-L1 inhibitors versus PD-1 inhibitors in first-line treatment with chemotherapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 71, 637\u2013644 (2022).","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"98018_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-024-01283-9","volume":"14","author":"T Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, T. et al. Advances in predictive biomarkers associated with immunotherapy in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Cell. Biosci. 14, 117 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell. Biosci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98018-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98018-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98018-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T02:18:02Z","timestamp":1744769882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98018-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-98018-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5209773\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13063"}}