{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T23:04:31Z","timestamp":1788649471387,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98370-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T16:10:19Z","timestamp":1744992619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A cross-sectional study of the association between plant-based diet indices and kidney stones among Iranian adults"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ghelijli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Salari-Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Aminianfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Moosazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Gholami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Azadbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirsaeed","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanaz","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"98370_CR1","first-page":"e86","volume":"12","author":"V Romero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Romero, V., Akpinar, H. & Assimos, D. G. Kidney stones: A global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev. Urol. 12, e86 (2010).","journal-title":"Rev. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.08.011","volume":"51","author":"S Akoudad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akoudad, S. et al. Correlates of kidney stone disease differ by race in a multi-ethnic middle-aged population: The ARIC study. Prev. Med. 51, 416\u2013420 (2010).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"98370_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.02.008","volume":"83","author":"L Spatola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spatola, L., Ferraro, P. M., Gambaro, G., Badalamenti, S. & Dauriz, M. Metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis: Insulin resistance in focus. Metabolism 83, 225\u2013233 (2018).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"98370_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00516.x","volume":"68","author":"EN Taylor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taylor, E. N., Stampfer, M. J. & Curhan, G. C. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 68, 1230\u20131235 (2005).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"98370_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd2030141","volume":"2","author":"AJ Yiu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yiu, A. J., Callaghan, D., Sultana, R. & Bandyopadhyay, B. C. Vascular calcification and stone disease: A new look towards the mechanism. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2, 141\u2013164 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Disease"},{"key":"98370_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04960513","volume":"9","author":"RT Alexander","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alexander, R. T. et al. Kidney stones and cardiovascular events: A cohort study. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN. 9, 506 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrology: CJASN"},{"key":"98370_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.12.069","volume":"195","author":"EN Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor, E. N., Feskanich, D., Paik, J. M. & Curhan, G. C. Nephrolithiasis and risk of incident bone fracture. J. Urol. 195, 1482\u20131486 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.12.135","volume":"198","author":"G Gambaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gambaro, G. et al. The risk of chronic kidney disease associated with urolithiasis and its urological treatments: A review. J. Urol. 198, 268\u2013273 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR9","unstructured":"Stamatelou, K. & Goldfarb, D. S. in Healthcare 424 (MDPI)."},{"key":"98370_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002331","volume":"207","author":"AJ Hill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hill, A. J. et al. Incidence of kidney stones in the united States: The continuous National health and nutrition examination survey. J. Urol. 207, 851\u2013856 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e877","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.877","volume":"5","author":"T Zahirian Moghadam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zahirian Moghadam, T., Pourfarzi, F., Mohseni Rad, H. & Zandian, H. Kidney stones among Iranian adults: Prevalence and socioeconomic inequality assessment in a cohort-based cross\u2010sectional study. Health Sci. Rep. 5, e877 (2022).","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98370_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061917","volume":"13","author":"R Siener","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siener, R. Nutrition and kidney stone disease. Nutrients 13, 1917 (2021).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"98370_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2329-z","volume":"28","author":"VO Edvardsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Edvardsson, V. O. et al. Hereditary causes of kidney stones and chronic kidney disease. Pediatr. Nephrol. 28, 1923\u20131942 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"98370_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-022-01017-4","volume":"22","author":"K Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, K. et al. Risk factors for kidney stone disease recurrence: A comprehensive meta-analysis. BMC Urol. 22, 62 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR15","unstructured":"Chewcharat, A. et al. in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1437\u20131448 (Elsevier)."},{"key":"98370_CR16","unstructured":"Scales, C. D. Jr. In Clinical Management of Urolithiasis1\u20138 (Springer, 2012)."},{"key":"98370_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.03.124","volume":"198","author":"PM Ferraro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferraro, P. M., Taylor, E. N., Gambaro, G. & Curhan, G. C. Dietary and lifestyle risk factors associated with incident kidney stones in men and women. J. Urol. 198, 858\u2013863 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.10.029","volume":"67","author":"A Skolarikos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skolarikos, A. et al. Metabolic evaluation and recurrence prevention for urinary stone patients: EAU guidelines. Eur. Urol. 67, 750\u2013763 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002039","volume":"13","author":"A Satija","year":"2016","unstructured":"Satija, A. et al. Plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: Results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Med. 13, e1002039 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"98370_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00316-0","volume":"42","author":"R Siener","year":"2002","unstructured":"Siener, R. & Hesse, A. The effect of different diets on urine composition and the risk of calcium oxalate crystallisation in healthy subjects. Eur. Urol. 42, 289\u2013296 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/14-036","volume":"19","author":"P Tuso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tuso, P., Stoll, S. R. & Li, W. W. A plant-based diet, atherogenesis, and coronary artery disease prevention. Perm. J. 19, 62 (2015).","journal-title":"Permanente J."},{"key":"98370_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad436","volume":"44","author":"T Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, T., Masedunskas, A., Willett, W. C. & Fontana, L. Vegetarian and vegan diets: Benefits and drawbacks. Eur. Heart J. 44, 3423\u20133439 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"98370_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10030094","volume":"10","author":"M Koutentakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koutentakis, M., Surma, S., Rogula, S., Filipiak, K. J. & G\u0105secka, A. The effect of a vegan diet on the cardiovascular system. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 10, 94 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Disease"},{"key":"98370_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03993A","volume":"14","author":"S Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai, S. et al. Associations between dietary patterns and nephrolithiasis risk in a large Chinese cohort: Is a balanced or plant-based diet better? Food Funct. 14, 3220\u20133229 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"98370_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0297-2","volume":"16","author":"JJ Carrero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carrero, J. J. et al. Plant-based diets to manage the risks and complications of chronic kidney disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 16, 525\u2013542 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"98370_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.10.003","volume":"77","author":"S Joshi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Joshi, S., McMacken, M. & Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Plant-based diets for kidney disease: A guide for clinicians. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 77, 287\u2013296 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"98370_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-003-0428-0","volume":"42","author":"R Siener","year":"2003","unstructured":"Siener, R. & Hesse, A. The effect of a vegetarian and different omnivorous diets on urinary risk factors for uric acid stone formation. Eur. J. Nutr. 42, 332\u2013337 (2003).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"98370_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.06.037","volume":"84","author":"SK De","year":"2014","unstructured":"De, S. K., Liu, X. & Monga, M. Changing trends in the American diet and the rising prevalence of kidney stones. Urology 84, 1030\u20131033 (2014).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"98370_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.086","volume":"192","author":"MD Sorensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sorensen, M. D. et al. Dietary intake of fiber, fruit and vegetables decreases the risk of incident kidney stones in women: A women\u2019s health initiative report. J. Urol. 192, 1694\u20131699 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000493","volume":"202","author":"X Shu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shu, X. et al. Plant and animal protein intake and risk of incident kidney stones: Results from the Shanghai Men\u2019s and women\u2019s health studies. J. Urol. 202, 1217\u20131223 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR31","unstructured":"Galal, O. Nutrition-related health patterns in the middle East. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 12 (2003)."},{"key":"98370_CR32","first-page":"279","volume":"22","author":"M Kheradmand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kheradmand, M. et al. Tabari cohort profile and preliminary results in urban areas and mountainous regions of Mazandaran, Iran. Arch. Iran. Med. 22, 279\u2013285 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"98370_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2018.02.010","volume":"42","author":"H Farhadnejad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farhadnejad, H., Teymoori, F., Asghari, G., Mirmiran, P. & Azizi, F. The association of potato intake with risk for incident type 2 diabetes in adults. Can. J. Diabetes. 42, 613\u2013618 (2018).","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"98370_CR34","first-page":"139","volume":"11","author":"N Mohammadifard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohammadifard, N. et al. Validation of a simplified food frequency questionnaire for the assessment of dietary habits in Iranian adults: Isfahan healthy heart program, Iran. ARYA Atheroscler. 11, 139 (2015).","journal-title":"ARYA Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"98370_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eghtesad, S. et al. Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire assessing food group intake in the PERSIAN cohort study. Front. Nutr. 10 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1059870"},{"key":"98370_CR36","unstructured":"Ghafarpour, M., Hoshyarrad, K. H. & Banieghbal, A. B. Food album. Tehran, National Nutrition and food technology research institute (2007)."},{"key":"98370_CR37","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture. Food data central. (2021). Available at: https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/ (Accessed December 2021)."},{"key":"98370_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-022-01161-x","volume":"22","author":"L Moftakhar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moftakhar, L. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of kidney stone disease in population aged 40\u201370 years old in Kharameh cohort study: A cross-sectional population-based study in Southern Iran. BMC Urol. 22, 205 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030779","volume":"12","author":"PM Ferraro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferraro, P. M., Bargagli, M., Trinchieri, A. & Gambaro, G. Risk of kidney stones: Influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian\u2013vegan diets. Nutrients 12, 779 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"98370_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-021-00905-5","volume":"21","author":"P Khalili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khalili, P. et al. Risk factors of kidney stone disease: A cross-sectional study in the Southeast of Iran. BMC Urol. 21, 1\u20138 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3492","volume":"97","author":"K Sakhaee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakhaee, K., Maalouf, N. M. & Sinnott, B. Kidney stones 2012: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 1847\u20131860 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism"},{"key":"98370_CR42","first-page":"135","volume":"5","author":"A Nouvenne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nouvenne, A. et al. Dietary treatment of nephrolithiasis. Clin. Cases Mineral. Bone Metab. 5, 135 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Mineral. Bone Metabolism"},{"key":"98370_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c159","DOI":"10.1159\/000317196","volume":"116","author":"N Johri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johri, N. et al. An update and practical guide to renal stone management. Nephron Clin. Pract. 116, c159\u2013c171 (2010).","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"98370_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303253281203","volume":"328","author":"GC Curhan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Curhan, G. C., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B. & Stampfer, M. J. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 833\u2013838 (1993).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"98370_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.006","volume":"192","author":"MS Pearle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pearle, M. S. et al. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J. Urol. 192, 316\u2013324 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"98370_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008851","volume":"144","author":"RA Hiatt","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hiatt, R. A. et al. Randomized controlled trial of a low animal protein, high fiber diet in the prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones. Am. J. Epidemiol. 144, 25\u201333 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98370_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c185","DOI":"10.1159\/000167271","volume":"110","author":"B Dussol","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dussol, B. et al. A randomized trial of low-animal-protein or high-fiber diets for secondary prevention of calcium nephrolithiasis. Nephron Clin. Pract. 110, c185\u2013c194 (2008).","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"98370_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9904-5","volume":"29","author":"BW Turney","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turney, B. W. et al. Diet and risk of kidney stones in the Oxford cohort of the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Eur. J. Epidemiol. 29, 363\u2013369 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"98370_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071642","volume":"15","author":"S Travers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Travers, S., Prot-Bertoye, C., Daudon, M., Courbebaisse, M. & Baron, S. How to monitor hydration status and urine Dilution in patients with nephrolithiasis. Nutrients 15, 1642 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"98370_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prochaska, M., Ferraro, P. M., Taylor, E. & Curhan, G. Chronic fructose and sucrose intake and 24-hour urine composition. Kidney360, 10.34067 (2024).","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000508"},{"key":"98370_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226082","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1226082","volume":"10","author":"S Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin, S. et al. Association between added sugars and kidney stones in US adults: Data from National health and nutrition examination survey 2007\u20132018. Front. Nutr. 10, 1226082 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"98370_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1105-0","volume":"19","author":"RJ Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson, R. J. et al. Fructose increases risk for kidney stones: Potential role in metabolic syndrome and heat stress. BMC Nephrol. 19, 1\u20137 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98370-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98370-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98370-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T17:01:50Z","timestamp":1744995710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98370-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-98370-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13495"}}