{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:57:29Z","timestamp":1793390249143,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Egyptian Knowledge Bank"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Aquaculture is increasingly impacted by environmental stressors such as temperature and pH fluctuations, which influence the proliferation and antibiotic resistance of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>). This study investigates the effects of these factors on the prevalence, virulence, and antibiotic resistance of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolated from aquaculture environments in Egypt, with a focus on public health implications. A total of 328 <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic> (Nile tilapia) samples were collected from Egyptian fish farms over five sampling periods, representing different seasonal conditions. <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was isolated and identified using selective culture methods and biochemical tests. Molecular characterization was conducted via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect diarrheagenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> pathotypes (<jats:italic>st, lt, eaeA, bfpA, stx1, stx2<\/jats:italic>). Additionally, PCR was utilized to screen for \u03b2-lactamase and carbapenemase resistance genes. Water parameters, including temperature and pH, were recorded, and their correlation with bacterial prevalence, virulence, and antibiotic resistance profiles were analyzed. A high prevalence of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (92.68%) was observed, with a significant correlation between bacterial occurrence and elevated water temperatures. Diarrheagenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was detected in 82.1% of samples, with enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (ETEC) being the most common pathotype. Some isolates harbored multiple virulence genes, indicating hybrid strains. Resistance genes such as <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>OXA-48<\/jats:sub> were widely distributed, particularly during warmer months and at neutral pH levels. Groups with elevated water temperatures exhibited a higher prevalence of antibiotic-resistant isolates, often harboring multiple resistance genes. This study highlights the significant role of environmental stressors in influencing the prevalence, pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance profiles of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in aquaculture systems. The findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and improved biosecurity measures to mitigate the risks associated with MDR <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in aquaculture, ensuring food safety and protecting public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98498-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T14:20:26Z","timestamp":1746714026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Seasonal and environmental drivers of antibiotic resistance and virulence in Escherichia coli from aquaculture and their public health implications"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aya","family":"El Badawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha A.","family":"Sabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"98498_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-21-141","volume":"84","author":"RA Duchenne-Moutien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duchenne-Moutien, R. A. & Neetoo, H. Climate change and emerging food safety issues: A review. J. Food Prot. 84(11), 1884\u20131897 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"issue":"9","key":"98498_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6052","DOI":"10.24294\/jipd.v8i9.6052","volume":"8","author":"P Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, P. & Mendes, I. Climate resilience in aquaculture: A cluster analysis of Chinese coastal regional production and farming practices in the face of climatic shifts 2017\u20132021. J. Infrastruct. Policy Dev. 8(9), 6052 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Policy Dev."},{"key":"98498_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matolia, J., Khan, M. A., Verma, S., & Prasad, A. The interplay of climate change and water chemistry: Impacts on freshwater aquaculture (2024).","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.1258.v1"},{"issue":"3","key":"98498_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12843","volume":"26","author":"FJ Combe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Combe, F. J. et al. Density and climate effects on age-specific survival and population growth: Consequences for hibernating mammals. Anim. Conserv. 26(3), 317\u2013330 (2023).","journal-title":"Anim. Conserv."},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR5","first-page":"70","volume":"9","author":"CN Anyanwu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anyanwu, C. N., Amadi-Eke, A. S. & Nwaka, D. E. Climate change, effects and mitigation strategies on aquaculture: A review. Agric. Forestry Fisheries 9(1), 70\u201372 (2015).","journal-title":"Agric. Forestry Fisheries"},{"key":"98498_CR6","first-page":"100","volume":"5","author":"M Islam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Islam, M. & Yasmin, R. Impact of aquaculture and contemporary environmental issues in Bangladesh. Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud 5, 100\u2013107 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud"},{"key":"98498_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okon, E. M., Oyesiji, A. A., Okeleye, D. E., Kanonuhwa, M., Khalifa, N. E., Eissa, E. S. H., & Abdelnour, S. A. The escalating threat of climate change-driven diseases in fish: Evidence from a global perspective: A literature review. Environ. Res. 120184 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120184"},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-020-00158-3","volume":"4","author":"V Mishra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mishra, V., Aadhar, S. & Mahto, S. S. Anthropogenic warming and intraseasonal summer monsoon variability amplify the risk of future flash droughts in India. Npj Climate Atmos. Sci. 4(1), 1 (2021).","journal-title":"Npj Climate Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"10363","key":"98498_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01540-9","volume":"400","author":"M Romanello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Romanello, M. et al. The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels. Lancet 400(10363), 1619\u20131654 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"98498_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70008","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70008","volume":"16","author":"M Fern\u00e1ndez Salgueiro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez Salgueiro, M., Cernuda Mart\u00ednez, J. A., Gan, R. K. & Arcos Gonz\u00e1lez, P. Climate change and antibiotic resistance: A scoping review. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 16(5), e70008 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"98498_CR11","unstructured":"Wanja, D. W. Occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors for the transmission of fish bacteria in small-scale farms in Kirinyaga County, Kenya (2018)."},{"key":"98498_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736447","volume":"536","author":"MA Hassan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hassan, M. A., Abd Allah, N. A. & Mabrok, M. Inevitable impact of some environmental stressors on the frequency and pathogenicity of marine vibriosis. Aquaculture 536, 736447 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR13","first-page":"4674235","volume":"2020","author":"E Abebe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abebe, E., Gugsa, G. & Ahmed, M. Review on major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens. J. Trop. Med. 2020(1), 4674235 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"98498_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohmura-Hoshino, M., Miyaki, Y., & Yashima, S. A one-step multiplex PCR-based assay for simultaneous detection and classification of virulence factors to identify five diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes. Heliyon, 8(8) (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10231"},{"issue":"4","key":"98498_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.36233\/0372-9311-410","volume":"100","author":"MA Makarova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makarova, M. A. A modern view of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: A causative agent of acute intestinal infections. J. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 100(4), 333\u2013344 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"98498_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, P., & Dudeja, P. K. Pathophysiology of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced Diarrhea. Newborn (Clarksville, Md.), 2(1), 102 (2023).","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-11002-0056"},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-024-00641-9","volume":"16","author":"MA Alhadlaq","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alhadlaq, M. A. et al. Overview of pathogenic Escherichia coli, with a focus on Shiga toxin-producing serotypes, global outbreaks (1982\u20132024) and food safety criteria. Gut Pathogens 16(1), 57 (2024).","journal-title":"Gut Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824562","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1824562","volume":"12","author":"MJ Carlino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carlino, M. J. et al. Quantitative analysis and virulence phenotypes of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) acquired from diarrheal stool samples from a Midwest US hospital. Gut Microbes 12(1), 1824562 (2020).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"98498_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622202","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.622202","volume":"10","author":"BM Sy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sy, B. M. & Tree, J. J. Small RNA regulation of virulence in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 10, 622202 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"98498_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739500","volume":"571","author":"HM Raharjo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raharjo, H. M. et al. The first evidence of blaCTX-M-55, QnrVC5, and novel insight into the genome of MDR Vibrio vulnificus isolated from Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) identified by resistome analysis. Aquaculture 571, 739500 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"15","key":"98498_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13152448","volume":"13","author":"M Milijasevic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Milijasevic, M., Veskovic-Moracanin, S., Milijasevic, J. B., Petrovic, J. & Nastasijevic, I. Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: Risk mitigation within the One Health context. Foods 13(15), 2448 (2024).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"98498_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740927","volume":"588","author":"V Thaotumpitak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thaotumpitak, V. et al. Insights into antimicrobial and multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli in hybrid red tilapia cultivation. Aquaculture 588, 740927 (2024).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"98498_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasrollahian, S., Graham, J. P., & Halaji, M. A review of the mechanisms that confer antibiotic resistance in pathotypes of E. coli. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 14, 1387497 (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1387497"},{"issue":"7","key":"98498_CR24","first-page":"382","volume":"11","author":"A Widodo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Widodo, A., Effendi, M. H. & Khairullah, A. R. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli from livestock. Syst Rev Pharm 11(7), 382\u2013392 (2020).","journal-title":"Syst Rev Pharm"},{"key":"98498_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622891","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.622891","volume":"12","author":"GK Sivaraman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sivaraman, G. K. et al. Antibiotic resistance profiles and molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from shrimp aquaculture farms in Kerala, India. Front. Microbiol. 12, 622891 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"98498_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108594","volume":"133","author":"T Nakayama","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nakayama, T. et al. Isolation of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae harbouring NDM-1, 4, 5, OXA48 and KPC from river fish in Vietnam. Food Control 133, 108594 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"98498_CR27","unstructured":"Tille, P. M. Bailey & Scott\u2019s. Diagnostic microbiology, 14th edn (Elsevier, 2017)"},{"issue":"2","key":"98498_CR28","first-page":"160","volume":"5","author":"BR Lesiani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lesiani, B. R., Abror, Y. K., Merdekawati, F. & Djuminar, A. Analysis of purity and concentration Escherichia coli DNA by boiling method isolation with addition of proteinase-K and RNase, Indonesian. J. Med. Lab. Sci. Technol. 5(2), 160\u2013171 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Lab. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"98498_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108669","volume":"133","author":"S Prakasan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prakasan, S. et al. Occurrence, pathogroup distribution and virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli from fresh seafood. Food Control 133, 108669 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-024-00774-6","volume":"66","author":"A Samir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samir, A., Abdel-Moein, K. A. & Zaher, H. M. Predominance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among ESBL\/plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing strains isolated from diarrheic foals: A public health concern. Acta Vet. Scand. 66(1), 54 (2024).","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"98498_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolde, D., Eguale, T., Alemayehu, H., Medhin, G., Haile, A. F., Pirs, M., & Star\u010di\u010d Erjavec, M. Antimicrobial susceptibility and characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from stools of primary healthcare patients in Ethiopia. Antibiotics, 13(1), 93 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010093"},{"issue":"12","key":"98498_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.00722.x","volume":"115","author":"HJ Monstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Monstein, H. J. et al. Multiplex PCR amplification assay for the detection of blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes in Enterobacteriaceae. APMIS 115(12), 1400\u20131408 (2007).","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"98498_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1050-3","volume":"13","author":"S Djeffal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Djeffal, S. et al. Prevalence and clonal relationship of ESBL-producing Salmonella strains from humans and poultry in northeastern Algeria. BMC Vet. Res. 13, 1\u20139 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"98498_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp498","volume":"65","author":"C Dallenne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dallenne, C., Da Costa, A., Decr\u00e9, D., Favier, C. & Arlet, G. Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important \u03b2-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65(3), 490\u2013495 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"98498_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822012000300010","volume":"43","author":"J Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, J., Hu, Z. & Hu, Q. Isolation of the first IMP-4 metallo-\u03b2- lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Tianjin, China. Braz. J. Microbiol. 43, 917\u2013922 (2012).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77519-y","volume":"14","author":"R Mohammed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammed, R., Nader, S. M., Hamza, D. A. & Sabry, M. A. Public health concern of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants in E coli isolates from oysters in Egypt. Sci. Rep. 14(1), 26977 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01102-2","volume":"12","author":"P Van de Vuurst","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van de Vuurst, P. & Escobar, L. E. Climate change and infectious disease: A review of evidence and research trends. Infect. Dis. Poverty 12(1), 51 (2023).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3329\/jbas.v46i1.60344","volume":"46","author":"M Akter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akter, M., Abedin, M., Mosharaf, M. P., Islam, M. A. & Hassan, Z. Prevalence and distribution of antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolated from various local fish markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 46(1), 9\u201318 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"98498_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3934\/environsci.2017.5.690","volume":"4","author":"MS Iqbal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iqbal, M. S., Ahmad, M. N. & Hofstra, N. The relationship between hydro-climatic variables and E. coli concentrations in surface and drinking water of the Kabul river basin in Pakistan. AIMS Environ. Sci. 4(5), 690\u2013708 (2017).","journal-title":"AIMS Environ. Sci."},{"key":"98498_CR40","unstructured":"Lawlor, E. Interaction of disease and temperature on the aerobic scope of freshwater fish and implications for changing climates (Doctoral dissertation, Murdoch University) (2016)."},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32350\/BSR.61.01","volume":"6","author":"A Hassan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hassan, A. & Ali, S. Epidemiology and molecular confirmation of E. coli isolated from diseased fish in Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. BioSci. Rev. 6(1), 1\u201315 (2024).","journal-title":"BioSci. Rev."},{"key":"98498_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamsudin, S. N., Rahman, M. H. F., Taib, M. N., Razak, W. R. W. A., Ahmad, A. H., & Zain, M. M. Analysis between Escherichia Coli growth and physical parameters in water using Pearson correlation. In 2016 7th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC) (pp. 131\u2013136). IEEE (2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSGRC.2016.7813315"},{"issue":"2","key":"98498_CR43","first-page":"53","volume":"5","author":"N Chatreman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chatreman, N., Seecharran, D. & Ansari, A. A. Prevalence and distribution of pathogenic bacteria found in fish and fishery products: A review. J. Fisheries Life Sci. 5(2), 53\u201365 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Fisheries Life Sci."},{"key":"98498_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boubacar Moussa, M., Abdourhamane Toure, A., Lartiges, B., Kergoat, L., Robert, E., Mamane, A., & Grippa, M. Escherichia coli in the Niger River: Links to environmental variables and anthropogenic activities in Niamey, Niger (2024).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4695740"},{"key":"98498_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2024.101998","volume":"36","author":"S Roufou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roufou, S. et al. Identification of genes used by Escherichia coli to mitigate climatic stress conditions. Gene Rep. 36, 101998 (2024).","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0416-x","volume":"19","author":"E Denamur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Denamur, E., Clermont, O., Bonacorsi, S. & Gordon, D. The population genetics of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 19(1), 37\u201354 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"98498_CR47","unstructured":"Ma, A. Characterization of heat resistant Escherichia coli isolates associated with human infection (2021)."},{"issue":"5","key":"98498_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00238-12","volume":"3","author":"RS Shapiro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shapiro, R. S. & Cowen, L. E. Thermal control of microbial development and virulence: Molecular mechanisms of microbial temperature sensing. MBio 3(5), 10\u20131128 (2012).","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"9","key":"98498_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14091537","volume":"14","author":"H Irshad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Irshad, H. et al. Genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in cattle and buffaloes from Islamabad, Pakistan. Agriculture 14(9), 1537 (2024).","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"issue":"9","key":"98498_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-9-2735","volume":"148","author":"T Umanski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Umanski, T., Rosenshine, I. & Friedberg, D. Thermoregulated expression of virulence genes in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbiology 148(9), 2735\u20132744 (2002).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"98498_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070833","volume":"11","author":"E M\u00e9ndez-Moreno","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Moreno, E. et al. Characterization of diarreaghenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy donors, including a triple hybrid strain. Antibiotics 11(7), 833 (2022).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"5","key":"98498_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051285","volume":"11","author":"W Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, W. et al. Genome-based characterization of hybrid Shiga toxin-producing and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC\/ETEC) strains isolated in South Korea, 2016\u20132020. Microorganisms 11(5), 1285 (2023).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"98498_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Chen, K., Palsson, B. O., & Yang, L. StressME: Unified computing framework of Escherichia coli metabolism, gene expression, and stress responses (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.05.26.542519"},{"issue":"17","key":"98498_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.3390\/w16172362","volume":"16","author":"N Lajqi Berisha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lajqi Berisha, N., Poceva Panovska, A. & Hajrulai-Musliu, Z. Antibiotic resistance and aquatic systems: Importance in public health. Water 16(17), 2362 (2024).","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"18","key":"98498_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.3390\/w16182606","volume":"16","author":"MP Gomes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gomes, M. P. The convergence of antibiotic contamination, resistance, and climate dynamics in freshwater ecosystems. Water 16(18), 2606 (2024).","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"98498_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444781","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1444781","volume":"15","author":"WY Belay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Belay, W. Y. et al. Mechanism of antibacterial resistance, strategies and next-generation antimicrobials to contain antimicrobial resistance: A review. Front. Pharmacol. 15, 1444781 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"98498_CR57","unstructured":"Rashid, R. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of multidrug resistant Escherichia Coli isolated from fish (doctoral dissertation, Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram) (2023)."},{"issue":"5","key":"98498_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050476","volume":"10","author":"V Silago","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silago, V. et al. Existence of multiple ESBL genes among phenotypically confirmed ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli concurrently isolated from clinical, colonization and contamination samples from neonatal units at Bugando Medical Center, Mwanza, Tanzania. Antibiotics 10(5), 476 (2021).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0262984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262984","volume":"17","author":"SM Gatya Al-Mayahie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gatya Al-Mayahie, S. M., Al-Guranie, D. R. D. T., Hussein, A. A. & Bachai, Z. A. Prevalence of common carbapenemase genes and multidrug resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli phylogroup B2 isolates from outpatients in Wasit Province\/Iraq. PLoS ONE 17(1), e0262984 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"98498_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115723","volume":"18","author":"M Pepi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pepi, M. & Focardi, S. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture and climate change: A challenge for health in the Mediterranean area. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18(11), 5723 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"98498_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255219","volume":"16","author":"S El-Shaer","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Shaer, S., Abdel-Rhman, S. H., Barwa, R. & Hassan, R. Genetic characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-and carbapenemase- producing Escherichia coli isolated from Egyptian hospitals and environments. PLoS ONE 16(7), e0255219 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"98498_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03049-8","volume":"23","author":"MT Mumbo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mumbo, M. T. et al. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from fresh Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish marketed for human consumption. BMC Microbiol. 23(1), 306 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"98498_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12061061","volume":"12","author":"A Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Silva, A. et al. Antimicrobial resistance and clonal lineages of Escherichia coli from food-producing animals. Antibiotics 12(6), 1061 (2023).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"98498_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catherine N, A., Claudia, S., Savino, A., Edgar, M. M., Rogers, K., Julius, L. B., & Andreas, T. Antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolates from different water sources in Mbarara, Uganda.\u00a0J. Water Health,\u00a022(9), 1579\u20131593 (2024).","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2024.319"},{"issue":"46","key":"98498_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22319-y","volume":"29","author":"ES Okeke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okeke, E. S. et al. Antibiotic resistance in aquaculture and aquatic organisms: a review of current nanotechnology applications for sustainable management. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29(46), 69241\u201369274 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"98498_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimpor, J. J., Lucky, O. P., Kwarkye, D. F., Watts, S., Oguayo, C. P., Ojewole, C. O., & Kusi, J. Identifying spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of fecal indicator bacteria in an urban lake for water quality assessment and management.\u00a0Heliyon,\u00a011(1) (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40955"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98498-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98498-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98498-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T15:04:32Z","timestamp":1746716672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98498-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-98498-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study followed the ethical guidelines from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Cairo University, Egypt, and was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (VET-CU-IACUC-131020241011). All experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. The study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All authors have read the manuscript and consent to publish.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"16100"}}