{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:42:35Z","timestamp":1790300555998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["184817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["184817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sulfur (S) capturing materials working at supercritical water (SCW) conditions need to be designed and developed to overcome issues related with catalyst poisoning during the hydrothermal gasification of wet biomass, an efficient and sustainable technology for alternative fuels production. Sorbent materials of zinc oxide (ZnO) deposited on porous carbon (C) support were prepared by an innovative continuous flow SCW impregnation method. Their S-adsorption performance was tested under the same supercritical conditions in the presence of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), as model inorganic sulfur compound. During sulfidation experiments, ZnS replaced ZnO indicating an efficient chemisorption of S with the formation of the sulfide particles by a pseudomorphic replacement mechanism. The S adsorption capacity of the ZnO\/C composites reaches 1.55 mol\n                    <jats:sub>S<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/mol\n                    <jats:sub>Zn<\/jats:sub>\n                    at relatively low temperature, which is much higher than those of other reported S capturing materials employed in SCW processes. The results reported here confirm that S sorbents can be both generated and used under the continuous flow SCW conditions relevant for technological applications towards the production of hydrogen and methane from biomass wastes and residues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98741-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:13:15Z","timestamp":1745467995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Carbon-supported ZnO materials for sulfur capturing in supercritical water"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Florentina","family":"Maxim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe Stefan","family":"Stoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Ecaterina","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camelia Nicoleta","family":"Borca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth Agnes","family":"M\u00fcller Gubler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Torrent Fabrega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Testino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"98741_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2005.04.006","volume":"29","author":"Y Matsumura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matsumura, Y. et al. Biomass gasification in near- and super-critical water: Status and prospects. Biomass Bioenerg. 29, 269\u2013292 (2005).","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"98741_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7399","DOI":"10.3390\/en14217399","volume":"14","author":"F Maxim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maxim, F. et al. Functional materials for waste-to-energy processes in supercritical water. Energies 14, 7399 (2021).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"98741_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.12.130","volume":"46","author":"J Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, J., Feng, H., Xu, J., Jin, H. & Guo, L. Investigation of the conversion mechanism for hydrogen production by coal gasification in supercritical water. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 46, 10205\u201310215 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"98741_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4040","DOI":"10.1021\/ie0003436","volume":"39","author":"MJ Antal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Antal, M. J., Allen, S. G., Schulman, D., Xu, X. & Divilio, R. J. Biomass gasification in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39, 4040\u20134053 (2000).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"98741_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-021-09601-0","volume":"21","author":"GBM de Souza","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Souza, G. B. M. et al. Supercritical water technology: An emerging treatment process for contaminated wastewaters and sludge. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol. 21, 75\u2013104 (2022).","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"98741_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2023.117876","volume":"299","author":"C Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, C., Teng, S., Wang, J. & Xi, H. Energy yield from wastewater by supercritical water oxidation process: Experimental validation and simulation from the viewpoint of energy system. Energy Convers. Manag. 299, 117876 (2024).","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"98741_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/00986445.2016.1262359","volume":"204","author":"S Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. A review of challenges and recent progress in supercritical water oxidation of wastewater. Chem. Eng. Commun. 204, 265\u2013282 (2017).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Commun."},{"key":"98741_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118571","volume":"251","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Supercritical water oxidation for the treatment and utilization of organic wastes: Factor effects, reaction enhancement, and novel process. Environ. Res. 251, 118571 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"98741_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.128837","volume":"415","author":"CS Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, C. S., Conradie, A. V. & Lester, E. Review of supercritical water gasification with lignocellulosic real biomass as the feedstocks: Process parameters, biomass composition, catalyst development, reactor design and its challenges. Chem. Eng. J. 415, 128837 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"98741_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9030455","volume":"9","author":"N Boukis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boukis, N. & Katharina Stoll, I. Gasification of biomass in supercritical water, challenges for the process design\u2014Lessons learned from the operation experience of the first dedicated pilot plant. Processes. 9, 1\u201317 (2021).","journal-title":"Processes."},{"key":"98741_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6256","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.7b00042","volume":"56","author":"G Peng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peng, G., Vogel, F., Refardt, D. & Ludwig, C. Catalytic supercritical water gasification: Continuous methanization of Chlorella vulgaris. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56, 6256\u20136265 (2017).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"98741_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51843-0","volume":"9","author":"K Karalis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karalis, K., Ludwig, C. & Niceno, B. Supercritical water anomalies in the vicinity of the Widom line. Sci. Rep. 9, 15731 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98741_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12117-5","volume":"10","author":"F Maxim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maxim, F. et al. Visualization of supercritical water pseudo-boiling at Widom line crossover. Nat. Commun. 10, 4114 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"98741_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002312","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002312","volume":"8","author":"F Maxim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maxim, F. et al. Thermodynamics and dynamics of supercritical water pseudo-boiling. Adv. Sci. 8, 2002312 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"98741_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Supercritical Water Processing Technologies for Environment, Energy and Nanomaterial Applications. Supercritical Water Processing Technologies for Environment, Energy and Nanomaterial Applications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-9326-6 (Springer Singapore, 2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9326-6"},{"key":"98741_CR16","unstructured":"Vogel, F. & Peng, G. HydroPilot. https:\/\/www.psi.ch\/en\/cpe\/hydropilot (2024)."},{"key":"98741_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2016.09.011","volume":"202","author":"G Peng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peng, G., Ludwig, C. & Vogel, F. Catalytic supercritical water gasification: Interaction of sulfur with ZnO and the ruthenium catalyst. Appl. Catal. B 202, 262\u2013268 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"98741_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-5861(94)80002-2","volume":"20","author":"K Tanabe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tanabe, K. & Yamaguchi, T. Acid\u2013base bifunctional catalysis by ZrO2 and its mixed oxides. Catal. Today 20, 185\u2013197 (1994).","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"98741_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1021\/ie0709483","volume":"47","author":"G Bo Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bo Han, G., Park, N.-K., Hoon Yoon, S. & Jin Lee, T. Investigation of catalytic reduction of sulfur dioxide with carbon monoxide over zirconium dioxide catalyst for selective sulfur recovery. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47, 1427\u20131434 (2008).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"98741_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36395-8","volume":"13","author":"H Xiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiang, H., Baudouin, D. & Vogel, F. Metal oxide nanoparticles embedded in porous carbon for sulfur absorption under hydrothermal conditions. Sci. Rep. 13, 1\u201319 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98741_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119340","volume":"359","author":"TA Saleh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saleh, T. A. Global trends in technologies and nanomaterials for removal of sulfur organic compounds: Clean energy and green environment. J. Mol. Liq. 359, 119340 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"98741_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.129474","volume":"355","author":"Y Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Sheet-assembled Zn-based sorbents towards highly efficient desulfurization of hot coal gas: H2S-absorption\/COS-release behavior and sulfur-release inhibiting mechanism. Sep. Purif. Technol. 355, 129474 (2025).","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"98741_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146909","volume":"477","author":"M Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, M. et al. Functionalized Zn-based desulfurizer with ordered mesoporous structure based on insights into sulfur-release mechanism during hot coal gas desulfurization. Chem. Eng. J. 477, 146909 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"98741_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(98)00185-9","volume":"78","author":"WF Elseviers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Elseviers, W. F. & Verelst, H. Transition metal oxides for hot gas desulphurisation. Fuel 78, 601\u2013612 (1999).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"98741_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13071089","volume":"13","author":"J S\u00e1nchez-Herv\u00e1s","year":"2023","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Herv\u00e1s, J., Ortiz, I., Mart\u00ed, V. & Andray, A. Removal of organic sulfur pollutants from gasification gases at intermediate temperature by means of a zinc\u2013nickel-oxide sorbent for integration in biofuel production. Catalysts 13, 1089 (2023).","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"98741_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.147006","volume":"479","author":"Z Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao, Z. et al. Integrations of desulfurization, carbon capture, and methanation at an isothermal intermediate temperature. Chem. Eng. J. 479, 147006 (2024).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"98741_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2013.08.018","volume":"147","author":"A Ates","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ates, A., Azimi, G., Choi, K.-H., Green, W. H. & Timko, M. T. The role of catalyst in supercritical water desulfurization. Appl. Catal. B 147, 144\u2013155 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"98741_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valyashko, V. M. Hydrothermal Experimental Data. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470094679 (2008).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470094679"},{"key":"98741_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123080","volume":"273","author":"Y Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng, Y. et al. Desulfurization sorbents for green and clean coal utilization and downstream toxics reduction: A review and perspectives. J. Clean. Prod. 273, 123080 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"98741_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.02.058","volume":"128","author":"V Girard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Girard, V. et al. Rational selection of single oxide sorbents for syngas desulfurization regenerable at reduced temperature: Thermochemical calculations and experimental study. Fuel 128, 220\u2013230 (2014).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"98741_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00035a002","volume":"95","author":"JA Schwarz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schwarz, J. A., Contescu, C. & Contescu, A. Methods for preparation of catalytic materials. Chem. Rev. 95, 477\u2013510 (1995).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"98741_CR32","first-page":"61","volume":"33","author":"J Otsu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Otsu, J. & Oshima, Y. New approaches to the preparation of metal or metal oxide particles on the surface of porous materials using supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 33, 61\u201367 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"98741_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2008.08.007","volume":"47","author":"O Sawai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sawai, O. & Oshima, Y. Deposition of silver nano-particles on activated carbon using supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 47, 240\u2013246 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"98741_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-007-2031-x","volume":"43","author":"O Sawai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sawai, O. & Oshima, Y. Mechanism of silver nano-particles formation on \u03b1-alumina using supercritical water. J. Mater. Sci. 43, 2293\u20132299 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"98741_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2006.02.004","volume":"39","author":"C Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu, C. & Teja, A. S. Supercritical water synthesis and deposition of iron oxide (\u03b1-Fe2O3) nanoparticles in activated carbon. J. Supercrit. Fluids 39, 135\u2013141 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"98741_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2015.02.013","volume":"100","author":"M Hosseinpour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hosseinpour, M., Ahmadi, S. J. & Fatemi, S. Successive co-operation of supercritical water and silica-supported iron oxide nanoparticles in upgrading of heavy petroleum residue: Suppression of coke deposition over catalyst. J. Supercrit. Fluids 100, 70\u201378 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"98741_CR37","first-page":"37","volume":"2","author":"SJ Ahmadi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmadi, S. J., Hosseinpour, M. & Outokesh, M. Supercritical water impregnation of CuO nanoparticles on silica-support as new catalyst. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2, 37\u201340 (2012).","journal-title":"IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS"},{"key":"98741_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1021\/ef101358x","volume":"25","author":"B Qiu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qiu, B., Han, L., Wang, J., Chang, L. & Bao, W. Preparation of sorbents loaded on activated carbon to remove H 2 S from hot coal gas by supercritical water impregnation. Energy Fuels 25, 591\u2013595 (2011).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"98741_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2006.03.049","volume":"60","author":"D Zhao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhao, D., Han, E., Wu, X. & Guan, H. Hydrothermal synthesis of ceria nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes in supercritical water. Mater. Lett. 60, 3544\u20133547 (2006).","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"98741_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3390\/en17040913","volume":"17","author":"F Maxim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maxim, F. et al. Continuous supercritical water impregnation method for the preparation of metal oxide on activated carbon composite materials. Energies 17, 913 (2024).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"98741_CR41","unstructured":"Burchell, T. D. Activated carbon fiber composite material and method of making. (2000)."},{"key":"98741_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1260\/0263617054353618","volume":"23","author":"TD Burchell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burchell, T. D., Omatete, O. O., Gallego, N. C. & Baker, F. S. Use of carbon fibre composite molecular sieves for air separation. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 23, 175\u2013194 (2005).","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"98741_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. H., Liu, H. H., Jian, J. K., Zou, K. & Duan, X. F. Transmission electron microscopy investigation of self-assembly ZnO twinning nanostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, (2006).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2198011"},{"key":"98741_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1021\/jp057476v","volume":"110","author":"L Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu, L. et al. Synthesis and characterization of indium-doped ZnO nanowires with periodical single\u2212twin structures. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 6637\u20136642 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"98741_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/17\/4\/032","volume":"17","author":"W-D Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang, W.-D. Growth of ZnO nanowires on modified well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Nanotechnology 17, 1036\u20131040 (2006).","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"98741_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-7341-x","volume":"41","author":"K Byrappa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Byrappa, K. et al. Impregnation of ZnO onto activated carbon under hydrothermal conditions and its photocatalytic properties. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 1355\u20131362 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"98741_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127731","volume":"261","author":"S Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo, S. et al. ZnO nanorod arrays assembled on activated carbon fi bers for photocatalytic degradation: Characteristics and synergistic effects. Chemosphere 261, 127731 (2020).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"98741_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prashantha Kumar, T. K. M. M. et al. Highly efficient performance of activated carbon impregnated with Ag, ZnO and Ag\/ZnO nanoparticles as antimicrobial materials. RSC Adv. 5, 108034\u2013108043 (2015).","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA19945J"},{"key":"98741_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2017.10.004","volume":"128","author":"AA Abdullah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdullah, A. A., Saleh, T. A., Ganiyu, S. A., Siddiqui, M. N. & Alhooshani, K. R. Preparation of activated carbon, zinc oxide and nickel oxide composites for potential application in the desulfurization of model diesel fuels. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 128, 246\u2013256 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"98741_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2013.01.018","volume":"301","author":"M Dreher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dreher, M. et al. Catalysis in supercritical water: Pathway of the methanation reaction and sulfur poisoning over a Ru\/C catalyst during the reforming of biomolecules. J. Catal. 301, 38\u201345 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"98741_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.06.085","volume":"304","author":"M Balsamo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balsamo, M., Cimino, S., de Falco, G., Erto, A. & Lisi, L. ZnO\u2013CuO supported on activated carbon for H2S removal at room temperature. Chem. Eng. J. 304, 399\u2013407 (2016).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"98741_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2017.08.025","volume":"257","author":"G de Falco","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Falco, G. et al. Synergic effect of Zn and Cu oxides dispersed on activated carbon during reactive adsorption of H2S at room temperature. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 257, 135\u2013146 (2018).","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"98741_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2019.109949","volume":"295","author":"S Cimino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cimino, S. et al. Role of H2O and O2 during the reactive adsorption of H2S on CuO\u2013ZnO\/activated carbon at low temperature. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 295, 109949 (2020).","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"98741_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-017-0265-7","volume":"7","author":"F Maxim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maxim, F., Niceno, B., Testino, A. & Ludwig, C. The impact of sorbent geometry on the sulphur adsorption under supercritical water conditions: a numerical study. Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 7, 479\u2013485 (2017).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"98741_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23426-z","volume":"12","author":"P Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin, P. et al. Sulfur stabilizing metal nanoclusters on carbon at high temperatures. Nat. Commun. 12, 3135 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"98741_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5712","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.5b00770","volume":"15","author":"V Kalyani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kalyani, V. et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of SrTiO 3: Role of interfaces. Cryst. Growth Des. 15, 5712\u20135725 (2015).","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"98741_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2010.2090342","volume":"17","author":"K Sun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sun, K. et al. Compound semiconductor nanowire solar cells. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17, 1033\u20131049 (2011).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"98741_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P663","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0181612jss","volume":"5","author":"S-W Wen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wen, S.-W. et al. Characterization of radial ZnO-core\/ZnS-shell nanowire heterostructures ALD-deposited at atmospheric pressure using DEZn, N 2 O and DTBS. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 5, P663\u2013P666 (2016).","journal-title":"ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol."},{"key":"98741_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grundmann, M. & Z\u00fa\u00f1iga\u2010P\u00e9rez, J. Pseudomorphic ZnO\u2010based heterostructures: From polar through all semipolar to nonpolar orientations. Physica Status Solidi (b). 253, 351\u2013360 (2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.201552535"},{"key":"98741_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14571","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA02971B","volume":"2","author":"Z Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu, Z. et al. A beyond near-infrared response in a wide-bandgap ZnO\/ZnSe coaxial nanowire solar cell by pseudomorphic layers. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 14571 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"98741_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1021\/es3035347","volume":"47","author":"R Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma, R., Levard, C., Michel, F. M., Brown, G. E. & Lowry, G. V. Sulfidation mechanism for zinc oxide nanoparticles and the effect of sulfidation on their solubility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 2527\u20132534 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"98741_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CP42988H","volume":"15","author":"L Neveux","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neveux, L. et al. New insight into the ZnO sulfidation reaction: Mechanism and kinetics modeling of the ZnS outward growth. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 1532\u20131545 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"98741_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2014.09.046","volume":"95","author":"ON Fedyaeva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fedyaeva, O. N., Vostrikov, A. A., Sokol, M. Y. & Shatrova, A. V. Zinc sulfidation by H2S and H2S\/H2O supercritical fluids: Synthesis of nanoparticles and catalytic effect of water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 95, 669\u2013676 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"98741_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valyashko, V. M. Phase equilibria of water-salt systems at high temperatures and pressures. In Aqueous Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures 597\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012544461-3\/50016-8 (Elsevier, 2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012544461-3\/50016-8"},{"key":"98741_CR65","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Zinc nitrate\u2014ECHA. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24518, Zinc Nitrate vol. 2. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Zinc-Nitrate (2025)."},{"key":"98741_CR66","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Sodium Hydrosulfide. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 28015, Sodium hydrosulfide. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Sodium-hydrosulfide (2025)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98741-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98741-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98741-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T05:02:53Z","timestamp":1745470973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98741-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-98741-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5283441\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14239"}}