{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:17:57Z","timestamp":1789525077511,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Severe Acute Respiratory Infection poses a significant threat to human health being a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The rate of co-infection among the underlying pathogens is unknown. During COVID-19 pandemic, reports for respiratory pathogens co-circulations in developing countries were limited. Identification of respiratory pathogens is paramount for effective patient management as early detection decreases the risk of mortality and morbidity. This is the first report to investigate the incidence of respiratory pathogens co-infection among patients with SARI during COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt. Clinically SARI patients were recruited from October 2020 to June 2022. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to detect SARS-CoV-2 followed by 33 respiratory pathogens identification using RT-PCR. Of 599 samples tested, 27% (158\/599) patients were positive for COVID-19, in which 75.9% (120\/158) patients were co-infected with other respiratory pathogens. In total, 31 pathogens were identified with a detection rate of 75% (450\/599) among positive and negative COVID-19 patients. Bacterial co-infections rate was 39%, in which <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (5.3%) is the most common, while viral co-infections rate was 61%, in which Human Coronavirus HKU1 (6.2%) is the most common. Adenovirus, human rhinovirus and RSV were only detected in 70\/11.7%, 50\/8.3% and 41\/6.8% of cases, respectively. Early detection and management of respiratory pathogens co-infection are crucial for effective patient management and preparedness for future pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98907-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T14:53:20Z","timestamp":1746456800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Incidence of common respiratory pathogens among patients with severe acute respiratory infection during COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nermeen Talaat","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdel-Salam","family":"Elgohary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Abd","family":"El-Raouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara H. A.","family":"Agwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr Yusuf","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadya M.","family":"El-Garhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omnia M.","family":"Abdel-Haseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tokka M.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmeen K.","family":"Farouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda","family":"Ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihab Shehad","family":"Habil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ossama Ibrahim","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf Omar","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"El Meteini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samia Abdou","family":"Girgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supplement_7","key":"98907_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S577","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz059","volume":"222","author":"T Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, T. et al. Global disease burden estimates of respiratory syncytial Virus\u2013Associated acute respiratory infection in older adults in 2015: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. J. Infect. Dis. 222 (Supplement_7), S577\u2013S583 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10340","key":"98907_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","volume":"399","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Global, regional, and National disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet Lond. Engl. 399 (10340), 2047\u20132064 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33627-9","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Yang, T., Zou, M., Wang, L. & Sai, L. The epidemiological features of respiratory tract infection using the multiplex panels detection during COVID-19 pandemic in Shandong Province, China. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 6319 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"98907_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2020.41","volume":"35","author":"AA Balkhair","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balkhair, A. A. COVID-19 pandemic: A new chapter in the history of infectious diseases. Oman Med. J. 35 (2), e123 (2020).","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"98907_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa511","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa511","volume":"7","author":"MF Parry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parry, M. F., Shah, A. K., Sestovic, M. & Salter, S. Precipitous fall in common respiratory viral infections during COVID-19. Open. Forum Infect. Dis. 7 (11), ofaa511 (2020).","journal-title":"Open. Forum Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05392-x","volume":"20","author":"Y Si","year":"2020","unstructured":"Si, Y. et al. Epidemiological surveillance of common respiratory viruses in patients with suspected COVID-19 in Southwest China. BMC Infect. Dis. 20 (1), 688 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR7","first-page":"9","volume":"15","author":"K Khutade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khutade, K., Shah, H., Patil, S. & Patel, H. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the Co-infection for the detection of SARSCOV- 2 and influenza A virus by rRT-PCR. J. Adv. Sci. Res. 15 (1), 9\u201313 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Sci. Res."},{"key":"98907_CR8","first-page":"10","volume":"138","author":"LK Dallmeyer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dallmeyer, L. K. et al. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses among children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. IJID Off Publ Int. Soc. Infect. Dis. 138, 10\u201318 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis. IJID Off Publ Int. Soc. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"98907_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0549-8","volume":"13","author":"B Malhotra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malhotra, B., Swamy, M. A., Reddy, P. V. J., Kumar, N. & Tiwari, J. K. Evaluation of custom multiplex real - time RT - PCR in comparison to fast - track diagnostics respiratory 21 pathogens kit for detection of multiple respiratory viruses. Virol. J. 13, 91 (2016).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"98907_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2017.1278885","volume":"74","author":"K Barratt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barratt, K. et al. Comparison of the fast track diagnostics respiratory 21 and seegene allplex multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of respiratory viruses. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 74 (2), 85\u201389 (2017).","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"98907_CR11","unstructured":"WHO. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance, 13 March 2020. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/331446 (2020)."},{"issue":"3","key":"98907_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.01.007","volume":"94","author":"S Kenmoe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kenmoe, S. et al. Comparison of FTD\u00ae respiratory pathogens 33 and a singleplex CDC assay for the detection of respiratory viruses: A study from Cameroon. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 94 (3), 236\u2013242 (2019).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"98907_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xing, Q. et al. han, Precautions are Needed for COVID-19 Patients with Coinfection of Common Respiratory Pathogens [Internet]. medRxiv; [cited 2024 Sep 8]. p. 2020.02.29.20027698. Available from: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.02.29.20027698v2 (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.29.20027698v2"},{"key":"98907_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104436","volume":"128","author":"LE Wee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wee, L. E. et al. Community-acquired viral respiratory infections amongst hospitalized inpatients during a COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore: co-infection and clinical outcomes. J. Clin. Virol. Off Publ Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol. 128, 104436 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Off Publ Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"98907_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Clinical diagnosis of 8274 samples with 2019-novel coronavirus in Wuhan [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS); Feb [cited 2023 Oct 29]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.02.12.20022327 (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.12.20022327"},{"key":"98907_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massey, B. W., Jayathilake, K. & Meltzer, H. Y. Respiratory microbial Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2. Front. Microbiol. 11, 2079 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02079"},{"issue":"18","key":"98907_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10814-6","volume":"104","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. The microbial coinfection in COVID-19. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 104 (18), 7777\u20137785 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"98907_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26364","volume":"93","author":"SA Hashemi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hashemi, S. A., Safamanesh, S., Ghasemzadeh-moghaddam, H., Ghafouri, M. & Azimian, A. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (H1N1) coinfection in dead patients in Northeastern Iran. J. Med. Virol. 93 (2), 1008\u20131012 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"98907_CR19","first-page":"6651045","volume":"2021","author":"KH Roh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roh, K. H. et al. Coinfections with respiratory pathogens among COVID-19 patients in Korea. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. J. Can. Mal Infect. Microbiol. M\u00e9dicale. 2021, 6651045 (2021).","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. J. Can. Mal Infect. Microbiol. M\u00e9dicale"},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48814-x","volume":"13","author":"A Kandeel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kandeel, A. et al. Multicenter study to describe viral etiologies, clinical profiles, and outcomes of hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infections, Egypt 2022. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 21860 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98907_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117863611875865","DOI":"10.1177\/1178636118758651","volume":"11","author":"D Assane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Assane, D. et al. Viral and bacterial etiologies of acute respiratory infections among children under 5 years in Senegal. Microbiol. Insights. 11, 1178636118758651 (2018).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Insights"},{"issue":"5","key":"98907_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.463","volume":"70","author":"HKL Nguyen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen, H. K. L. et al. Surveillance of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) for hospitalized patients in Northern Vietnam, 2011\u20132014. Jpn J. Infect. Dis. 70 (5), 522\u2013527 (2017).","journal-title":"Jpn J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"98907_CR23","unstructured":"ECDC. Acute respiratory infections in the EU\/EEA: epidemiological update and current public health recommendations [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 8]. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/news-events\/acute-respiratory-infections-eueea-epidemiological-update-and-current-public-health."},{"key":"98907_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696082","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.696082","volume":"9","author":"AA Saied","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saied, A. A., Metwally, A. A., Madkhali, N. A. B., Haque, S. & Dhama, K. Egypt\u2019s COVID-19 recent happenings and perspectives: A Mini-Review. Front. Public. Health. 9, 696082 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"98907_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070809","volume":"10","author":"S Alhumaid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alhumaid, S. et al. Coinfections with bacteria, fungi, and respiratory viruses in patients with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 10 (7), 809 (2021).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"98907_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sreenath, K. et al. Coinfections with other respiratory pathogens among patients with COVID-19. Microbiol. Spectr. 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00163-21.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00163-21"},{"key":"98907_CR27","unstructured":"WHO. Clinical care of severe acute respiratory infections \u2013 Tool kit [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Sep 8]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/clinical-care-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infections-tool-kit."},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-022-00761-3","volume":"33","author":"M Sapra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sapra, M. et al. Respiratory viral infections other than SARS CoV-2 among the North Indian patients presenting with acute respiratory illness during the first COVID-19 wave. VirusDisease 33 (1), 57\u201364 (2022).","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"issue":"7","key":"98907_CR29","first-page":"1336","volume":"59","author":"D Due\u00f1as","year":"2023","unstructured":"Due\u00f1as, D., Daza, J. & Liscano, Y. Coinfections and superinfections associated with COVID-19 in Colombia: A narrative review. Med. (Mex) 59 (7), 1336 (2023).","journal-title":"Med. (Mex)"},{"issue":"9","key":"98907_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_14_21","volume":"10","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma, A. et al. Clinical features and mortality in COVID-19 SARI versus Non COVID-19 SARI cases from Western Rajasthan, India. J. Fam Med. Prim. Care. 10 (9), 3240\u20133246 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Fam Med. Prim. Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"98907_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e053768","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053768","volume":"11","author":"Z Akhtar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akhtar, Z. et al. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus coinfection among patients with severe acute respiratory infection during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: a hospital-based descriptive study. BMJ Open. 11 (11), e053768 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26471-w","volume":"12","author":"MA Elgohary","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elgohary, M. A. et al. Development and validation of a predictive scoring system for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 Egyptian patients: a retrospective study. Sci. Rep. 12 (1), 22352 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"98907_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Trifonova, I. et al. Clinical significance and role of coinfections with respiratory pathogens among individuals with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Oct 26];10. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.959319.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.959319"},{"issue":"7","key":"98907_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1122","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000001122","volume":"6","author":"V Mukherjee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mukherjee, V. et al. COVID-19 across pandemic variant periods: the severe acute respiratory Infection-Preparedness (SARI-PREP) study. Crit. Care Explor. 6 (7), e1122 (2024).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"98907_CR35","first-page":"2276261","volume":"2021","author":"AL Hanchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hanchi, A. L. et al. Epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in children with severe acute respiratory infection and impact of the multiplex PCR film array respiratory panel: A 2-Year study. Int. J. Microbiol. 2021, 2276261 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01305-1","volume":"28","author":"M Abd El-Halim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abd El-Halim, M., Hafez, R., Albahet, H. & Sherif, I. Respiratory co-infections in COVID-19-positive patients. Eur. J. Med. Res. 28 (1), 317 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"98907_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11931","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911931","volume":"19","author":"HJA Sulayyim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sulayyim, H. J. A., Ismail, R., Hamid, A. A. & Ghafar, N. A. Antibiotic resistance during COVID-19: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 19 (19), 11931 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"98907_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab618","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab618","volume":"9","author":"K Uhteg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uhteg, K., Amadi, A., Forman, M. & Mostafa, H. H. Circulation of Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory pathogens and coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Open. Forum Infect. Dis. 9 (3), ofab618 (2022).","journal-title":"Open. Forum Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0766LE","volume":"202","author":"AA Menon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Menon, A. A. et al. A case of COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii coinfection. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 202 (1), 136\u2013138 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"98907_CR40","first-page":"7497500","volume":"2022","author":"M Fahim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fahim, M. et al. Epidemiology, disease severity and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza viruses coinfection seen at Egypt integrated acute respiratory infections surveillance, 2020\u20132022. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. J. Can. Mal Infect. Microbiol. Medicale. 2022, 7497500 (2022).","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. J. Can. Mal Infect. Microbiol. Medicale"},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05900-7","volume":"21","author":"F Pan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pan, F., Wang, B., Zhang, H., Shi, Y. & Xu, Q. The clinical application of filmarray respiratory panel in children especially with severe respiratory tract infections. BMC Infect. Dis. 21 (1), 230 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"98907_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247000","volume":"16","author":"AE Juliana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Juliana, A. E. et al. Viral causes of severe acute respiratory infection in hospitalized children and association with outcomes: A two-year prospective surveillance study in Suriname. PLoS ONE. 16 (2), e0247000 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"98907_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05996-x","volume":"21","author":"C Lei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lei, C. et al. Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017. BMC Infect. Dis. 21 (1), 306 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"98907_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294960","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294960","volume":"18","author":"M Boussarsar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boussarsar, M. et al. Epidemiology and burden of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective Sentinel surveillance study in a Tunisian medical ICU, 2022\/2023. PLOS ONE. 18 (12), e0294960 (2023).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"98907_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcvp.2021.100036","volume":"1","author":"TL Dao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dao, T. L., Hoang, V. T., Colson, P., Million, M. & Gautret, P. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Virol. Plus. 1 (3), 100036 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Plus"},{"key":"98907_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morales-Jad\u00e1n, D. et al. Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory pathogens in outpatients from Ecuador. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2023 Oct 27 [cited 2024 Sep 8];11. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/public-health\/articles\/. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1264632\/full.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1264632\/full"},{"key":"98907_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.11.006","volume":"110","author":"BR Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, B. R., Hassan, F., Jackson, M. A. & Selvarangan, R. Impact of multiplex molecular assay turn-around-time on antibiotic utilization and clinical management of hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections. J. Clin. Virol. Off Publ Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol. 110, 11\u201316 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Off Publ Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"98907_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brendish, N. J., Malachira, A. K., Beard, K. R., Ewings, S. & Clark, T. W. Impact of turnaround time on outcome with point-of-care testing for respiratory viruses: a post hoc analysis from a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J [Internet]. Aug 1 [cited 2024 Sep 8];52(2). https:\/\/erj.ersjournals.com\/content\/52\/2\/1800555 (2018).","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00555-2018"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98907-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98907-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98907-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T14:53:25Z","timestamp":1746456805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-98907-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-98907-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15711"}}