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We characterised temporal changes in the bacterial microbiome of the midgut and salivary gland tissues of <jats:italic>R. sanguineus<\/jats:italic> s.l. ticks and analysed their potential as reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria. A 16\u00a0S microbiome and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) approach was used to study the bacteria present in the tissues of <jats:italic>R. sanguineus<\/jats:italic> s.l. ticks collected from dogs in Hluvukani, a village in a rural community in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa, in 2016, 2017 and 2019. Post processing, we obtained 43,161 total sequence reads which were clustered into ASVs by sample year. The final ASVs dataset consisted of seven genera: <jats:italic>Coxiella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia\/Shigella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>. No differences in the microbiome profiles of the MG and SG tissues were noted. <jats:italic>Coxiella<\/jats:italic> endosymbionts dominated the microbiome in all years. <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> was first detected in 2017, and an increase in <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> levels was detected in 2019, when compared to 2017. All other genera were present at low levels. With the exclusion of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>, the other detected genera could have pathogenic potential, highlighting the role that <jats:italic>R. sanguineus<\/jats:italic> s.l. might play as a reservoir of pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99189-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T09:29:27Z","timestamp":1747733367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Temporal changes in the bacterial microbiome of the salivary gland and midgut tissues of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) ticks in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory A.","family":"Gall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Brayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola E.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana","family":"van Wyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette","family":"Wentzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agatha O.","family":"Kolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinda C.","family":"Oosthuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"99189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v85i1.1084","volume":"85","author":"S Chitanga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chitanga, S., Gaff, H. & Mukaratirwa, S. 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We also thank the staff of the Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station for logistical support, environmental monitors, Handry Mathebula and Julia D. Sithole, for assistance in the Bushbuckridge-East community, and the tribal council for allowing us to work in their community. Appreciation is extended to Derek Pouchnik and Mark Wildung from the Genomics Sequencing Core at Washington State University for assistance with microbiome sequencing.\u201d It now reads: \"We acknowledge Luis Neves for verifying the tick identifications. We thank the staff of the Hans Hoheisen Research Centre for logistical support, environmental monitors, Handry Mathebula and Julia D. Sithole, for assistance in the Bushbuckridge-East community, and the tribal council for allowing us to work in their community. Appreciation is extended to Derek Pouchnik and Mark Wildung from the Genomics Sequencing Core at Washington State University for assistance with microbiome sequencing.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"We thank the South African National Research Foundation (NRF) for grants 92739 and 110448, and 109350, NIH NIAID R01AI136832, and the Belgian Directorate General for Development Cooperation Framework FA4 (ITM-DGCD) awarded to Marinda Oosthuizen, as well as the Agricultural Sector Education Training Authority (AgriSETA; BU18UP124-18.2) Scholarship and the Meat Industry Trust for the bursary awarded to Rebecca E. Ackermann. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding bodies.\" The original Article has been corrected.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The following committees approved this project: The Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (UP) Research Ethics Committee (REC010-18), the UP Animal Ethics Committee (V012-18 and V064-16), and the UP Faculty of Humanities Research Ethics Committee (GW20180719HS). Permission was obtained to conduct the research, in terms of Sect.\u00a020 of the Animal Diseases Act of 1984, from the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD) South Africa, with reference numbers 12\/11\/1\/1\/8 and 12\/11\/1\/1. Animal owners provided informed consent for us to work with their animals, by signing a consent form that was translated into the local language (Shangaan); interpreters were available to translate any questions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17434"}}