{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T04:07:14Z","timestamp":1763179634773,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004317","name":"Shihezi University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXBJ202105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXBJ202105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Tianchi Yingcai"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015976","name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLPBS2457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLPBS2457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015976","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of domesticated animals that causes major economic losses globally. In this meta-analysis, 29 studies were evaluated using a random-effects model to analyze the efficacy of FMD vaccines. The quantifying heterogeneity between the groups was low (tau<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.000, tau\u2009=\u20090.000, and I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.0% [0.0%; 24.6%]). The meta-analysis revealed that the inactivated vaccine provides the best protection among different vaccine types, with the following ranking from highest to lowest efficacy: inactivated vaccine\u2009&gt;\u2009mRNA vaccine\u2009&gt;\u2009<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> vaccine\u2009&gt;\u2009plant vaccine\u2009&gt;\u2009recombinant virus vaccine\u2009&gt;\u2009phage vaccine\u2009&gt;\u2009synthesize vaccine\u2009&gt;\u2009DNA vaccine\u2009&gt;\u2009negative control. The findings revealed that the inactivated vaccine provides the best protection among the different types of vaccines. Based on these findings, we recommend using inactivated vaccines as controls in the development of novel vaccines, as they achieved the highest efficacy among all evaluated vaccine types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99518-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:15:16Z","timestamp":1746184516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiao","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haihua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenqi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"99518_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091830","volume":"13","author":"JM Hammond","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hammond, J. M., Maulidi, B. & Henning, N. Targeted FMD vaccines for Eastern Africa: The AgResults foot and mouth disease vaccine challenge project. Viruses 13, 1830 (2021).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"99518_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-11-276","volume":"49","author":"GV Weaver","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weaver, G. V., Domenech, J., Thiermann, A. R. & Karesh, W. B. Foot and mouth disease: A look from the wild side. J. Wildl. Dis. 49, 759\u2013785 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"99518_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227061","volume":"14","author":"C Stenfeldt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stenfeldt, C. et al. Virulence beneath the fleece; A tale of foot-and-mouth disease virus pathogenesis in sheep. PLoS ONE 14, e0227061 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"99518_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1566-9_12","volume":"2345","author":"J Watt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watt, J. & Del Giovane, C. Network meta-analysis. Methods Mol. Biol. 2345, 187\u2013201 (2022).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"99518_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01289-6","volume":"23","author":"G Seitidis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seitidis, G., Nikolakopoulos, S., Hennessy, E. A., Tanner-Smith, E. E. & Mavridis, D. Network meta-analysis techniques for synthesizing prevention science evidence. Prev. Sci. 23, 415\u2013424 (2022).","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"99518_CR6","first-page":"887","volume":"3","author":"DK Sanghi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanghi, D. K. & Tiwle, R. A detail comprehensive review on vaccines. Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharmacy Life Sci. 3, 887\u2013895 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharmacy Life Sci."},{"key":"99518_CR7","first-page":"82","volume":"158","author":"S Momtaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Momtaz, S., Towheed, S. T., Ali, R., Ullah, H. & Hossain, M. A. Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in Bangladesh. Microbiol. Res. J. Int. 158, 82\u201394 (2012).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res. J. Int."},{"key":"99518_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2025.2454482","volume":"45","author":"Q An","year":"2025","unstructured":"An, Q. et al. Global foot-and-mouth disease risk assessment based on multiple spatial analysis and ecological niche model. Vet. Q. 45, 1\u201311 (2025).","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"99518_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v82i9.23675","volume":"82","author":"AK Verma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Verma, A. K., Kumar, A., Mahima, & Sahzad,. Epidemiology and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease: A review. Indian J. Animal Sci. 82, 543\u2013551 (2012).","journal-title":"Indian J. Animal Sci."},{"key":"99518_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.2.133","volume":"11","author":"JM Pacheco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pacheco, J. M. & Mason, P. W. Evaluation of infectivity and transmission of different Asian foot-and-mouth disease viruses in swine. J. Vet. Sci. 11, 133\u2013142 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"99518_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"Juan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Juan, et al. Evaluation of infectivity, virulence and transmission of FDMV field strains of serotypes O and A isolated in 2010 from outbreaks in the Republic of Korea. PLoS ONE 11, 1\u201321 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"99518_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00182-6","volume":"74","author":"CP Tsai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsai, C. P., Pan, C. H., Liu, M. Y., Lin, Y. L. & Yang, P. C. Molecular epidemiological studies on foot-and-mouth disease type O Taiwan viruses from the 1997 epidemic. Vet. Microbiol. 74, 207\u2013216 (2000).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"99518_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2012.2630.2640","volume":"11","author":"H Tang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tang, H., Liu, X. S., Fang, Y. Z., Pan, L. & Zhang, Y. G. Geometrical study on FMDV genome based on Z-curve. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 11, 2630\u20132640 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"99518_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-012-3271-8","volume":"27","author":"M Abubakar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abubakar, M., Arshed, M. J., Ali, Q. & Hussain, M. Spatial trend of Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) serotypes in cattle and buffaloes, Pakistan. Virol. Sin. 27, 320\u2013323 (2012).","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"99518_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1566-9_3","volume":"2345","author":"S Kanters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanters, S. Fixed- and random-effects models. Methods Mol. Biol. 2345, 41\u201365 (2022).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"99518_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-023-09921-w","volume":"88","author":"S Nestler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nestler, S. & Erdfelder, E. Random effects multinomial processing tree models: A maximum likelihood approach. Psychometrika 88, 809\u2013829 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"99518_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.07.021","volume":"95","author":"IA Hajam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hajam, I. A. et al. Co-administration of flagellin augments immune responses to inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigen. Res. Vet. Sci. 95, 936\u2013941 (2013).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"99518_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104920","volume":"182","author":"G Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, G. et al. Vaccine strain of O\/ME-SA\/Ind-2001e of foot-and-mouth disease virus provides high immunogenicity and broad antigenic coverage. Antiviral Res. 182, 104920 (2020).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"99518_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-009-0008-4","volume":"34","author":"M Hema","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hema, M., Chandran, D., Nagendrakumar, S. B., Madhanmohan, M. & Srinivasan, V. A. Construction of an infectious cDNA clone of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O 1 BFS 1860 and its use in the preparation of candidate vaccine. J. Biosci. 34, 45\u201358 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"99518_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04159-9","volume":"20","author":"B Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu, B. et al. A ferritin-based nanoparticle displaying a neutralizing epitope for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) confers partial protection in guinea pigs. BMC Vet. Res. 20, 301 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"99518_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110103","volume":"596","author":"J Shao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shao, J., Liu, W., Gao, S., Chang, H. & Guo, H. A recombinant multi-epitope trivalent vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in pigs. Virology 596, 110103 (2024).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"99518_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12223934","volume":"12","author":"X Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, X. et al. Development and efficacy evaluation of a novel nano-emulsion adjuvant for a foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles vaccine based on squalane. Nanomaterials (Basel) 12, 3934 (2022).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"99518_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050470","volume":"9","author":"G Rangel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rangel, G. et al. Chimeric RHDV virus-like particles displaying foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes elicit neutralizing antibodies and confer partial protection in pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 470 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"99518_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00304-9","volume":"6","author":"H Jo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jo, H. et al. The HSP70-fused foot-and-mouth disease epitope elicits cellular and humoral immunity and drives broad-spectrum protective efficacy. NPJ Vaccines 6, 42 (2021).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"99518_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.02.010","volume":"136","author":"Y Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Enhanced immunogenicity of foot and mouth disease DNA vaccine delivered by PLGA nanoparticles combined with cytokine adjuvants. Res. Vet. Sci. 136, 89\u201396 (2021).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"99518_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010019","volume":"8","author":"R Ca\u00f1as-Arranz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1as-Arranz, R. et al. A single dose of dendrimer B(2)T peptide vaccine partially protects pigs against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection. Vaccines (Basel) 8, 19 (2020).","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"99518_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.04.023","volume":"205","author":"H Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Immunogenicity of T7 bacteriophage nanoparticles displaying G-H loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Vet. Microbiol. 205, 46\u201352 (2017).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"99518_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.12.004","volume":"183","author":"H Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Novel chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles harboring serotype O VP1 protect guinea pigs against challenge. Vet. Microbiol. 183, 92\u201396 (2016).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"99518_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.01.005","volume":"117","author":"YM Dong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dong, Y. M., Zhang, G. G., Huang, X. J., Chen, L. & Chen, H. T. Promising MS2 mediated virus-like particle vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease. Antiviral Res. 117, 39\u201343 (2015).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"99518_CR30","unstructured":"Wang, X. H., Jin, Y. Z. & Fan, X. B. Construction and Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccine Plasmid Expressing VP1 and VP4 Genes of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Chin. J. Biol. 23, 168\u2013171+175 (2010)."},{"key":"99518_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.12.053","volume":"26","author":"ZJ Ren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ren, Z. J. et al. Orally delivered foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protomer vaccine displayed on T4 bacteriophage surface: 100% protection from potency challenge in mice. Vaccine 26, 1471\u20131481 (2008).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"99518_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-7-62","volume":"7","author":"C Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang, C. et al. Induction of protective immunity in swine by recombinant bamboo mosaic virus expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes. BMC Biotechnol. 7, 62 (2007).","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"99518_CR33","unstructured":"Li, P., Yong-Guang, Z., Yong-Lu, W., Bao-Qin, W. & Qing-Ge, X. Protective immune response of guinea pigs against challenge with foot and mouth disease virus by immunization with foliar extracts from transgenic tomato plants expressing the FMDV structural protein VP1. Wei sheng wu xue bao Acta microbiologica Sinica 46 (2006)."},{"key":"99518_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-005-2727-4","volume":"27","author":"HH Song","year":"2005","unstructured":"Song, H. H. et al. A novel mucosal vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus induces protection in mice and swine. Biotechnol. Lett. 27, 1669\u20131674 (2005).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"99518_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.07.025","volume":"328","author":"GJ Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li, G. J. et al. Comparison of immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus induced by fusion proteins using the swine IgG heavy chain constant region or beta-galactosidase as a carrier of immunogenic epitopes. Virology 328, 274\u2013281 (2004).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"99518_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00363-3","volume":"21","author":"JH Wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang, J. H. et al. Induction of immunity in swine by purified recombinant VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine 21, 3721\u20133729 (2003).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"99518_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00428-6","volume":"21","author":"L Wu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wu, L. et al. Expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes in tobacco by a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector. Vaccine 21, 4390\u20134398 (2003).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"99518_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.12.005","volume":"22","author":"P Qian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Qian, P., Li, X. M., Jin, M. L., Peng, G. Q. & Chen, H. C. An approach to a FMD vaccine based on genetic engineered attenuated pseudorabies virus: One experiment using VP1 gene alone generates an antibody responds on FMD and pseudorabies in swine. Vaccine 22, 2129\u20132136 (2004).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"99518_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1089\/08828240151061383","volume":"14","author":"C Carrillo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carrillo, C. et al. Induction of a virus-specific antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus using the structural protein VP1 expressed in transgenic potato plants. Viral Immunol. 14, 49\u201357 (2001).","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"99518_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00186-9","volume":"19","author":"EW Chan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chan, E. W. et al. An immunoglobulin G based chimeric protein induced foot-and-mouth disease specific immune response in swine. Vaccine 19, 538\u2013546 (2000).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"99518_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9590","volume":"255","author":"A Wigdorovitz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wigdorovitz, A. et al. Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein VP1. Virology 255, 347\u2013353 (1999).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"99518_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.1688-1690.1998","volume":"72","author":"C Carrillo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carrillo, C., Wigdorovitz, A., Oliveros, J. C., Zamorano, P. I. & Borca, M. V. Protective immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus with VP1 expressed in transgenic plants. J. Virol. 72, 1688\u20131690 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"99518_CR43","first-page":"17","volume":"34","author":"MA Jing-Yun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jing-Yun, M. A., Feng, C., Yong-Chang, C., Qing-Feng, Z. & Ying-Zuo, B. I. Prokaryotic expression of VP1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus and detection of expression product immunogenicity. Chin. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 34, 17\u201320 (2004).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"99518_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02689-6","volume":"16","author":"P Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, P. et al. Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles as an adjuvant for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in pigs. BMC Vet. Res. 16, 474 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"99518_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114754","volume":"318","author":"R Ranjan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ranjan, R., Biswal, J. K., Sahoo, P. K., Tripathy, J. P. & Singh, R. P. Diagnostic application of formalin fixed archived tissues for detection of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Virol. Methods 318, 1\u20136 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"99518_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.008","volume":"31","author":"B Borrego","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borrego, B. et al. Delivery of synthetic RNA can enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines 1 against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in mice. Vaccine 31, 4375\u20134381 (2013).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"99518_CR47","unstructured":"Kim, T. H. & Wijerathna, S. M. FMDV Multi-VP1e can induces protection against lethal FMDV challenge 1, 1\u20132 (2017)."},{"key":"99518_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.130","volume":"15","author":"C Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Soluble FMDV VP1 proteins fused with calreticulin expressed in Escherichia coli under the assist of trigger factor16 (Tf16) formed into high immunogenic polymers. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. Struct. Funct. Interact. 15, 1532\u20131540 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol. Struct. Funct. Interact."},{"key":"99518_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.36838\/v4i4.5","volume":"4","author":"D Cenikli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cenikli, D. A comparison of production, efficacy, and safety of mRNA and conventional vaccines. Int. J. High School Res. 4, 1\u201322 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. High School Res."},{"key":"99518_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.187075","volume":"10","author":"WS Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee, W. S. et al. Randomized trial of same- versus opposite-arm coadministration of inactivated influenza and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. JCI Insight 10, 1\u201311 (2025).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"99518_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1075","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir349","volume":"204","author":"TW Geisbert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geisbert, T. W. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines against Ebola and Marburg virus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 204, S1075 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"99518_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.5.2.249","volume":"5","author":"Y Thanavala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thanavala, Y., Huang, Z. & Mason, H. S. Plant-derived vaccines: a look back at the highlights and a view to the challenges on the road ahead. Expert Rev. Vaccines 5(2), 249\u2013260 (2006).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"99518_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_474_21","volume":"155","author":"F Chirico","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chirico, F., Silva, J. A. T. D., Tsigaris, P. & Sharun, K. Safety & effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines: A narrative review. Indian J. Med. Res. 155, 91\u2013104 (2022).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"99518_CR54","unstructured":"Head, T., Rao, V. B. & Black, L. W. REVIEW Structure and assembly of bacteriophage. 1, 69\u2013110 (1977)."},{"key":"99518_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016972","volume":"14","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yuan, Y. & MacKinnon, D. P. Bayesian mediation analysis. Psychol. Methods 14, 301\u2013322 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"99518_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201910-2019ED","volume":"201","author":"CJ Yarnell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yarnell, C. J., Granton, J. T. & Tomlinson, G. Bayesian analysis in critical care medicine. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 201, 396\u2013398 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med."},{"key":"99518_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01177-7","volume":"5","author":"JK Kruschke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kruschke, J. K. Bayesian analysis reporting guidelines. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 1282\u20131291 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"99518_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14061","volume":"43","author":"A Zybert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zybert, A., Tarczy\u0144ski, K. & Sieczkowska, H. Meta-analysis of the effect of chilling on selected attributes of fresh pork. J. Food Process Preserv. 43, 1\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Food Process Preserv."},{"key":"99518_CR59","first-page":"1","volume":"351","author":"S Philip","year":"2015","unstructured":"Philip, S. & Marston, L. How to read a funnel plot in a meta-analysis. BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.) 351, 1\u20133 (2015).","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"99518_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26462-x","volume":"12","author":"J Jiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiao, J. & Wu, P. A meta-analysis: the efficacy and effectiveness of polypeptide vaccines protect pigs from foot and mouth disease. Sci. Rep. 12, 21868 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"99518_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.01.038","volume":"26","author":"KE Brehm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brehm, K. E., Kumar, N., Thulke, H. H. & Haas, B. High potency vaccines induce protection against heterologous challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine 26, 1681\u20131687 (2008).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"99518_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01449","volume":"11","author":"Y Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Chang, H., Li, Z. & Zhang, Y. Adenovirus-vectored capsid proteins of the serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus protect guinea pigs against challenge. Front Microbiol. 11, 1449 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99518-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99518-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99518-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T13:23:05Z","timestamp":1746192185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99518-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["99518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-99518-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15381"}}