{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:07:58Z","timestamp":1772136478403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003252","name":"Lund University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The reasons why some individuals who experience trauma develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while others do not remain poorly understood, highlighting the complex interplay of encoding-related and intrapersonal factors. This study aimed to examine factors predicting variability in trauma-related symptom development. Using a trauma film paradigm in a healthy sample (N\u2009=\u200932), we investigated how inhibitory control and peritraumatic responses relate to the development of intrusive memories and self-assessed event impact. Peritraumatic heart rate was associated with more frequent, vivid, and distressing memory intrusions during the week following trauma-analogue exposure. It also predicted hyperarousal and avoidance symptoms, with the latter further linked to lower inhibitory control. In a cognitive-interference task conducted approximately one day after trauma-analogue exposure, negative trauma reminders increased response latencies. This reduced interference control was predicted by both lower inhibitory control and higher peritraumatic heart rate, and it was especially pronounced in individuals who reported a heightened overall event impact. In conclusion, inhibitory control and peritraumatic heart rate emerged as predictors of subsequent reminder interference, intrusions, and self-assessed event impact. These findings provide insights into physiological and behavioural mechanisms underlying variability in the development of trauma-analogue symptoms and related cognitive interference when exposed to trauma reminders in a healthy sample without a trauma history.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99564-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T06:49:13Z","timestamp":1745995753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trauma-analogue symptom variability predicted by inhibitory control and peritraumatic heart rate"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4312-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linn","family":"Petersdotter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7982-2610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3852-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Hammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"99564_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001981","volume":"46","author":"C Benjet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benjet, C. et al. The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychol. Med. 46, 327\u2013343 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"99564_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed., Text Rev). (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"99564_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708","volume":"47","author":"KC Koenen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koenen, K. C. et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol. Med. 47, 2260\u20132274 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"99564_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051725","volume":"17","author":"J Knipscheer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Knipscheer, J. et al. Prevalence of potentially traumatic events, other life events and subsequent reactions indicative for posttraumatic stress disorder in the Netherlands: A general population study based on the trauma screening questionnaire. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal. 17, 1725 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal."},{"key":"99564_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211032213","volume":"24","author":"ER Dworkin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dworkin, E. R., Jaffe, A. E., Bedard-Gilligan, M. & Fitzpatrick, S. PTSD in the year following sexual assault: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Trauma Violence Abus 24, 497\u2013514 (2023).","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus"},{"key":"99564_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002026","volume":"47","author":"EJ Bromet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bromet, E. J. et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol. Med. 47, 227\u2013241 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"99564_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andersen, N. D. et al. Translational methods for PTSD research. In: Neuromethods 135\u2013168 (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-3218-5_7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3218-5_7"},{"key":"99564_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22556","volume":"33","author":"NA Sciarrino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sciarrino, N. A., Warnecke, A. J. & Teng, E. J. A systematic review of intensive empirically supported treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Trauma. Stress 33, 443\u2013454 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"99564_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21880","volume":"319","author":"CW Hoge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoge, C. W. & Chard, K. M. A window into the evolution of trauma-focused psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA 319, 343 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"99564_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0","volume":"38","author":"A Ehlers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ehlers, A. & Clark, D. M. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 38, 319\u2013345 (2000).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"99564_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.08.005","volume":"69","author":"L Iyadurai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iyadurai, L. et al. Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 69, 67\u201382 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"99564_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.032","volume":"192","author":"M Streb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Streb, M., Mecklinger, A., Anderson, M. C., Lass-Hennemann, J. & Michael, T. Memory control ability modulates intrusive memories after analogue trauma. J. Affect. Disord. 192, 134\u2013142 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"99564_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.013","volume":"107","author":"M Tortella-Feliu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tortella-Feliu, M. et al. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 107, 154\u2013165 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"99564_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.04.006","volume":"43","author":"T Michael","year":"2005","unstructured":"Michael, T., Ehlers, A., Halligan, S. L. & Clark, D. M. Unwanted memories of assault: What intrusion characteristics are associated with PTSD?. Behav. Res. Ther. 43, 613\u2013628 (2005).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"99564_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO.0178-23.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0178-23.2023","volume":"10","author":"A-M Grob","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grob, A.-M., Ehlers, D. & Schwabe, L. Strong but fragmented memory of a stressful episode. eNeuro 10, ENEURO.0178-23.2023 (2023).","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"99564_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.03.005","author":"M Kobelt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kobelt, M. et al. The memory trace of an intrusive trauma-analog episode. Curr. Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2024.03.005 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"99564_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.09.039","volume":"92","author":"I Liberzon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liberzon, I. & Abelson, J. L. Context processing and the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuron 92, 14\u201330 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"99564_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.010","volume":"47","author":"EL James","year":"2016","unstructured":"James, E. L. et al. The trauma film paradigm as an experimental psychopathology model of psychological trauma: intrusive memories and beyond. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 47, 106\u2013142 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"99564_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214998","volume":"14","author":"M Joyal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joyal, M. et al. Characterizing emotional Stroop interference in posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 14, e0214998 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"99564_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.03023","volume":"10","author":"S Quan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quan, S., Wang, Z. & Liu, Y. The emotional Stroop effect is modulated by the biological salience and motivational intensity inherent in stimuli. Front. Psychol. 10, 3023 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"99564_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000389","volume":"149","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, J., B\u00fcrkner, P.-C., Kiesel, A. & Dignath, D. How emotional stimuli modulate cognitive control: A meta-analytic review of studies with conflict tasks. Psychol. Bull. 149, 25\u201366 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"99564_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2023.108648","volume":"182","author":"GD Tillman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tillman, G. D. et al. P3a amplitude to trauma-related stimuli reduced after successful trauma-focused PTSD treatment. Biol. Psychol. 182, 108648 (2023).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"99564_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615569889","volume":"26","author":"A Catarino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Catarino, A., K\u00fcpper, C. S., Werner-Seidler, A., Dalgleish, T. & Anderson, M. C. Failing to forget: Inhibitory-control deficits compromise memory suppression in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol. Sci. 26, 604\u2013616 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"99564_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11040241","volume":"11","author":"M Costanzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Costanzi, M. et al. Forgetting unwanted memories: active forgetting and implications for the development of psychological disorders. J. Pers. Med. 11, 241 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"99564_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2021.1979950","volume":"28","author":"O Nyvold","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nyvold, O., Nygaard, E., Augusti, E.-M. & Tamnes, C. K. Unity or diversity of executive functioning in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Neuropsychol. 28, 374\u2013393 (2021).","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"99564_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27926-w","volume":"13","author":"D Ap\u0161valka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ap\u0161valka, D., Ferreira, C. S., Schmitz, T. W., Rowe, J. B. & Anderson, M. C. Dynamic targeting enables domain-general inhibitory control over action and thought by the prefrontal cortex. Nat. Commun. 13, 274 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"99564_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammar, \u00c5., Schmid, M. T., Petersdotter, L., Ousdal, O. T. & Milde, A. M. Inhibitory control as possible risk and\/or resilience factor for the development of trauma related symptoms\u2013a study of the Ut\u00f8ya terror attack survivors. Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult 1\u201313 (2023).","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2023.2253553"},{"key":"99564_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay8477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay8477","volume":"367","author":"A Mary","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mary, A. et al. Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression. Science 367, eaay8477 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"99564_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","volume":"18","author":"JR Stroop","year":"1935","unstructured":"Stroop, J. R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J. Exp. Psychol. 18, 643\u2013662 (1935).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"99564_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30157","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30157","volume":"6","author":"A Yennu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yennu, A. et al. Prefrontal responses to Stroop tasks in subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder assessed by functional near infrared spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 6, 30157 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"99564_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22612","volume":"74","author":"MC Vance","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vance, M. C., Kovachy, B., Dong, M. & Bui, E. Peritraumatic distress: A review and synthesis of 15 years of research. J. Clin. Psychol. 74, 1457\u20131484 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"99564_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n1104","volume":"69","author":"RA Bryant","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O\u2019Donnell, M., Silove, D. & McFarlane, A. C. A Multisite study of initial respiration rate and heart rate as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 69, 1694\u20131701 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"99564_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.11.005","volume":"42","author":"B Kraemer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kraemer, B., Moergeli, H., Roth, H., Hepp, U. & Schnyder, U. Contribution of initial heart rate to the prediction of posttraumatic stress symptom level in accident victims. J. Psychiatr. Res. 42, 158\u2013162 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"99564_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.04.009","volume":"78","author":"A Ehlers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ehlers, A. et al. Heart rate responses to standardized trauma-related pictures in acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 78, 27\u201334 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"99564_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.11.039","volume":"150","author":"CE Norte","year":"2013","unstructured":"Norte, C. E. et al. They know their trauma by heart: An assessment of psychophysiological failure to recover in PTSD. J. Affect. Disord. 150, 136\u2013141 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"99564_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281753","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2281753","volume":"14","author":"S Beutler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beutler, S. & Croy, I. Psychophysiological reactions during the trauma-film paradigm and their predictive value for intrusions. Eur. J. Psychotraumatology 14, 2281753 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"99564_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800802541986","volume":"22","author":"A Weidmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weidmann, A., Conradi, A., Gr\u00f6ger, K., Fehm, L. & Fydrich, T. Using stressful films to analyze risk factors for PTSD in analogue experimental studies: Which film works best?. Anxiety Stress Coping 22, 549\u2013569 (2009).","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"99564_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20167","volume":"19","author":"SL Halligan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Halligan, S. L., Michael, T., Wilhelm, F. H., Clark, D. M. & Ehlers, A. Reduced heart rate responding to trauma reliving in trauma survivors with PTSD: Correlates and consequences. J. Trauma. Stress 19, 721\u2013734 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"99564_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015299126858","volume":"15","author":"EB Blanchard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Galovski, T. & Veazey, C. Emergency room vital signs and PTSD in a treatment seeking sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. J. Trauma. Stress 15, 199\u2013204 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"99564_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3180417d04","volume":"69","author":"ML O\u2019Donnell","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., Elliott, P. & Bryant, R. Tonic and phasic heart rate as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosom. Med. 69, 256\u2013261 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"99564_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12176","volume":"51","author":"C-Y Chou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chou, C.-Y., Marca, R. L., Steptoe, A. & Brewin, C. R. Heart rate, startle response, and intrusive trauma memories. Psychophysiology 51, 236\u2013246 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"99564_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7986249","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7986249","volume":"2020","author":"\u00c1 Bustamante-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bustamante-S\u00e1nchez, \u00c1. et al. Effect of stress on autonomic and cardiovascular systems in military population: A systematic review. Cardiol. Res. Pract. 2020, 7986249 (2020).","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"99564_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102870","volume":"235","author":"G Lamotte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lamotte, G., Shouman, K. & Benarroch, E. E. Stress and central autonomic network. Auton. Neurosci. 235, 102870 (2021).","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"99564_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2024.104519","volume":"176","author":"JK Carpenter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carpenter, J. K. et al. Heart rate reactivity during trauma recall as a predictor of treatment outcome in cognitive processing therapy for PTSD. Behav. Res. Ther. 176, 104519 (2024).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"99564_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.032","volume":"142","author":"A Powers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Powers, A. et al. Emotion dysregulation and dissociation contribute to decreased heart rate variability to an acute psychosocial stressor in trauma-exposed Black women. J. Psychiatr. Res. 142, 125\u2013131 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"99564_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.4.363","volume":"180","author":"J Murray","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murray, J., Ehlers, A. & Mayou, R. A. Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors. Br. J. Psychiatry 180, 363\u2013368 (2002).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"99564_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-70990-1_10","author":"DS Weiss","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weiss, D. S. Cross-cultural assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD. Int. Cult. Psychol. Ser. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-70990-1_10 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. Cult. Psychol. Ser."},{"key":"99564_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103752","volume":"135","author":"N Herz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herz, N., Bar-Haim, Y., Holmes, E. A. & Censor, N. Intrusive memories: A mechanistic signature for emotional memory persistence. Behav. Res. Ther. 135, 103752 (2020).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"99564_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0193(200103)12:3<131::AID-HBM1010>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"12","author":"V Menon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Menon, V., Adleman, N. E., White, C. D., Glover, G. H. & Reiss, A. L. Error-related brain activation during a Go\/NoGo response inhibition task. Hum. Brain Mapp. 12, 131\u2013143 (2001).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"99564_CR50","unstructured":"No\u00e9, G. Irr\u00e9versible, Nord-Ouest Films. (2002)."},{"key":"99564_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08374","volume":"75","author":"D Forbes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Forbes, D. et al. Trauma at the hands of another: Distinguishing PTSD patterns following intimate and nonintimate interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma in a nationally representative sample. J. Clin. Psychiatry 75, 147\u2013153 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"99564_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930802457952","volume":"23","author":"J Verwoerd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Verwoerd, J., Wessel, I., de Jong, P. J. & Nieuwenhuis, M. M. W. Preferential processing of visual trauma-film reminders predicts subsequent intrusive memories. Cogn. Emot. 23, 1537\u20131551 (2009).","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"99564_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.032","volume":"192","author":"M Streb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Streb, M., Mecklinger, A., Anderson, M. C., Lass-Hennemann, J. & Michael, T. Memory control ability modulates intrusive memories after analogue trauma. J. Affect. Disord. 192, 134\u2013142 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"99564_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23613","volume":"38","author":"GA Gvozdanovic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gvozdanovic, G. A., St\u00e4mpfli, P., Seifritz, E. & Rasch, B. Neural correlates of experimental trauma memory retrieval. Hum. Brain Mapp. 38, 3592\u20133602 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"99564_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465801003095","volume":"29","author":"N Grey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grey, N., Holmes, E. & Brewin, C. R. Peritraumatic emotional \u201chot spots\u201d in memory. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 29, 367\u2013372 (2001).","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"99564_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01935","volume":"10","author":"K Kimura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kimura, K., Haramizu, S., Sanada, K. & Oshida, A. Emotional state of being moved elicited by films: A comparison with several positive emotions. Front. Psychol. 10, 1935 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"99564_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.48","volume":"1","author":"G Bush","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bush, G. & Shin, L. M. The multi-source interference task: An fMRI task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive\/attention network. Nat. Protoc. 1, 308\u2013313 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"99564_CR58","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing (Vienna, Austria, 2024)."},{"key":"99564_CR59","unstructured":"The Jamovi Project. Jamovi (Version 2.5). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.jamovi.org (2024)."},{"key":"99564_CR60","unstructured":"BIOPAC Systems Inc. MP150 Data Acquisition System (Goleta, CA, USA 2023)."},{"key":"99564_CR61","unstructured":"Mathworks: MATLAB, Version 9.12 (R2022a) (The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA 2022)."},{"key":"99564_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164487474001","volume":"47","author":"RC Gardner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gardner, R. C. & Neufeld, R. W. J. Use of the simple change score in correlational analyses\u2019. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 47, 849\u2013864 (1987).","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"99564_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000134","volume":"114","author":"S Humberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Humberg, S. et al. Enhanced versus simply positive: A new condition-based regression analysis to disentangle effects of self-enhancement from effects of positivity of self-view. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 114, 303\u2013322 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"99564_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2010.495376","volume":"11","author":"MD Hetzel-Riggin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hetzel-Riggin, M. D. & Wilber, E. L. To dissociate or suppress? Predicting automatic vs. Conscious cognitive avoidance. J. Trauma Dissociation 11, 444\u2013457 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"99564_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01648.x","volume":"47","author":"NR Nugent","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nugent, N. R., Christopher, N. C. & Delahanty, D. L. Emergency medical service and in-hospital vital signs as predictors of subsequent PTSD symptom severity in pediatric injury patients. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 47, 919\u2013926 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"99564_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132599","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2022.2132599","volume":"13","author":"S Beutler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beutler, S. et al. Trauma-related dissociation and the autonomic nervous system: A systematic literature review of psychophysiological correlates of dissociative experiencing in PTSD patients. Eur. J. Psychotraumatology 13, 2132599 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"99564_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.008","volume":"90","author":"W D\u2019Andrea","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Andrea, W., Pole, N., DePierro, J., Freed, S. & Wallace, D. B. Heterogeneity of defensive responses after exposure to trauma: Blunted autonomic reactivity in response to startling sounds. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 90, 80\u201389 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"99564_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.03.002","volume":"55","author":"BE Bunnell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bunnell, B. E., Davidson, T. M. & Ruggiero, K. J. The peritraumatic distress inventory: Factor structure and predictive validity in traumatically injured patients admitted through a Level I trauma center. J. Anxiety Disord. 55, 8\u201313 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"99564_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.9.1480","volume":"158","author":"A Brunet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brunet, A. et al. The peritraumatic distress inventory: A proposed measure of PTSD criterion A2. Am. J. Psychiatry 158, 1480\u20131485 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"99564_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000461","volume":"147","author":"JC Hulbert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hulbert, J. C. & Anderson, M. C. What doesn\u2019t kill you makes you stronger: Psychological trauma and its relationship to enhanced memory control. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen 147, 1931\u20131949 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen"},{"key":"99564_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.09.008","volume":"28","author":"JR Wessel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wessel, J. R. & Anderson, M. C. Neural mechanisms of domain-general inhibitory control. Trends Cogn. Sci. 28, 124\u2013143 (2024).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"99564_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197905000-00004","volume":"41","author":"M Horowitz","year":"1979","unstructured":"Horowitz, M., Wilner, N. & Alvarez, W. Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosom. Med. 41, 209\u2013218 (1979).","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"99564_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/35066572","volume":"410","author":"MC Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson, M. C. & Green, C. Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature 410, 366\u2013369 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"99564_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.07.002","volume":"284","author":"SR Horn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horn, S. R., Charney, D. S. & Feder, A. Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD. Exp. Neurol. 284, 119\u2013132 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"99564_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2007.11.002","volume":"127","author":"EA Holmes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Holmes, E. A. & Bourne, C. Inducing and modulating intrusive emotional memories: A review of the trauma film paradigm. Acta Psychol. 127, 553\u2013566 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99564-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99564-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99564-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T04:29:42Z","timestamp":1746505782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99564-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["99564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-99564-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5325976\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15215"}}