{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:13:09Z","timestamp":1777633989462,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["18K17410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K17410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21K10502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K10502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["17H04136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23fk0108607h0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23fk0108607h0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"JST PRESTO","award":["JPMJPR21RA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPR21RA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Regional disparities in the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) pose several challenges to effective TB control. This study aimed to investigate such disparities in Osaka City, Japan, by analyzing the relationship between TB incidence and residents\u2019 socioeconomic indicators. Using 42 indicators from the 2010 population census, the city was clustered into 15 social areas through a factor analysis, and TB incidence during 2012\u20132016 was compared across the areas in 4,852 cases. Two geographically adjacent areas (Area D and O) exhibited significantly higher TB rates, each with distinct social characteristics. Area D consisted of a high proportion of young, single individuals working in the service sector as well as foreigners. Area O included a high proportion of day laborers, secondary industry workers, and individuals with lower educational levels. TB occurred more frequently in foreign-born patients aged\u2009&lt;\u200960 years, and it was detected during treatment for other diseases in Area D compared with other areas. However, a high proportion of retreated patients aged 40\u201379 years, with a shorter delay in TB detection, was observed in Area O. The variations in this study provide insights into the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and regional disparities in TB incidence in local settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99711-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T16:36:35Z","timestamp":1746635795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Geodemographic analysis of socioeconomic area disparities in tuberculosis incidence in Osaka City, Japan"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3497-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaori","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouhei","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3827-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoki","family":"Nakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7753-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoya","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Komukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7023-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"99711_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2022. (2022). https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240061729"},{"key":"99711_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00359-7","volume":"4","author":"S Bagcchi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bagcchi, S. WHO\u2019s global tuberculosis report 2022. Lancet Microbe. 4, e20 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"99711_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2118145","volume":"386","author":"M Pai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pai, M., Kasaeva, T. & Swaminathan, S. Covid-19\u2019s devastating effect on tuberculosis care \u2013 a path to recovery. N Engl. J. Med. 386, 1490\u20131493 (2022).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"99711_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2236","volume":"7","author":"CE Barry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barry, C. E. The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 845\u2013855 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"99711_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0034-2016","volume":"5","author":"C Jeffries","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeffries, C., Lobue, P., Chorba, T., Metchock, B. & Kashef, I. Role of the health department in tuberculosis prevention and control-legal and public health considerations. Microbiol. Spectr. 5, 261\u2013282 (2017).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"99711_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20726","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.9.20726","volume":"19","author":"G de Vries","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Vries, G. et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in big cities of the European union and European economic area countries. Euro. Surveill. 19, 20726 (2014).","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill"},{"key":"99711_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6907a1","volume":"69","author":"B Cole","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cole, B. et al. Essential components of a public health tuberculosis prevention, control, and elimination program: recommendations of the advisory Council for the elimination of tuberculosis and the National tuberculosis controllers association. MMWR Recomm Rep. 69, 1\u201327 (2020).","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"99711_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1086\/313453","volume":"29","author":"MJ Sotir","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sotir, M. J. et al. Tuberculosis in the inner City: impact of a continuing epidemic in the 1990s. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29, 1138\u20131144 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"99711_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. (2013). https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/ebwha\/pdf_files\/EB134\/B134_12-en.pdf"},{"key":"99711_CR10","unstructured":"Tuberculosis Surveillance Center. Tuberculosis in Japan: Annual Report 2022. (2023). https:\/\/jata-ekigaku.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/TB-in-Japan_2022.pdf"},{"key":"99711_CR11","unstructured":"Statistics Bureau. Ministry of internal affairs and communications Japan. Statistical handbook of Japan 2022. (2023). https:\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/english\/data\/handbook\/pdf\/2022all.pdf"},{"key":"99711_CR12","first-page":"533","volume":"75","author":"T Takatorige","year":"2000","unstructured":"Takatorige, T., Aoki, Y., Tanigake, C., Ruful, A. & Tatara, K. Factors related to the slowdown in the reduction of the tuberculosis incidence rate in Osaka City\u2013structure of the high incidence rate of tuberculosis in Osaka City analyzed by administrative-ward group, five-year period and age group. Kekkaku 75, 533\u2013544 (2000).","journal-title":"Kekkaku"},{"key":"99711_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2013.848764","volume":"66","author":"AD Singleton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singleton, A. D. & Spielman, S. E. The past, present and future of geodemographic research in the united States and united Kingdom. Prof. Geogr. 66, 558\u2013567 (2014).","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"99711_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2021.12.3.836","volume":"12","author":"A Shimouchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shimouchi, A. et al. Factors associated with mortality among patients with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in the urban poor population of Osaka City, Japan. Western Pac. Surveill Response J. 12, 25\u201333 (2021).","journal-title":"Western Pac. Surveill Response J."},{"key":"99711_CR15","unstructured":"Mizuuchi, T., Hirakawa, T. & Tominaga, T. Fifty years\u2019 history of the Osaka Prefecture urban hostels\u2019 association. Osaka City University (2011). https:\/\/www.hannan-u.ac.jp\/doctor\/tourism\/matsumura\/mrrf4300000091ub-att\/mrrf43000000bfpm.pdf"},{"key":"99711_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/09581599208406857","volume":"3","author":"R Hardie","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hardie, R. Inner City tuberculosis: an increasing problem? Crit. Public. Health. 3, 21\u201328 (1992).","journal-title":"Crit. Public. Health"},{"key":"99711_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.09.014","volume":"72","author":"K Yamamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamamoto, K. et al. Longitudinal genotyping surveillance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an area with high tuberculosis incidence shows high transmission rate of the modern Beijing subfamily in Japan. Infect. Genet. Evol. 72, 25\u201330 (2019).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"99711_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-22","volume":"11","author":"T Tabuchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tabuchi, T. et al. Tuberculosis infection among homeless persons and caregivers in a high-tuberculosis-prevalence area in Japan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect. Dis. 11, 22 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"99711_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"54","author":"PA Jensen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jensen, P. A., Lambert, L. A., Iademarco, M. F. & Ridzon, R. D. C. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005. MMWR Recomm Rep. 54, 1\u2013141 (2005).","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"99711_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-122","volume":"5","author":"MS Kiwuwa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kiwuwa, M. S., Charles, K. & Harriet, M. K. Patient and health service delay in pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending a referral hospital: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public. Health. 5, 122 (2005).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"99711_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4157\/geogrevjapanb.94.18","volume":"94","author":"U Masaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Masaya, U. Socio-spatial segregation in the era of growing economic disparities: the case of Tokyo. Geog Rev. Japan B. 94, 18\u201330 (2021).","journal-title":"Geog Rev. Japan B"},{"key":"99711_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2003.10.014","volume":"26","author":"DR Holtgrave","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holtgrave, D. R. & Crosby, R. A. Social determinants of tuberculosis case rates in the united States. Am. J. Prev. Med. 26, 159\u2013162 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"99711_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00184011","volume":"40","author":"GB Ploubidis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ploubidis, G. B. et al. Social determinants of tuberculosis in Europe: a prospective ecological study. Eur. Respir J. 40, 925\u2013930 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir J."},{"key":"99711_CR24","first-page":"431","volume":"92","author":"Y Murase","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murase, Y., Ohkado, A., Watanabe, Y. & Kaguraoka, S. Transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis between foreign-nationals and Japanese tuberculosis patients living in Shinjuku-City, Tokyo. Kekkaku 92, 431\u2013439 (2017).","journal-title":"Kekkaku"},{"key":"99711_CR25","unstructured":"Planning, Bureau, C. & Planning and Promotion Department. Population census. (2010). https:\/\/www.city.osaka.lg.jp\/toshikeikaku\/page\/0000214424.html"},{"key":"99711_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.4157\/grj.55.715","volume":"55","author":"K Ueno","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ueno, K. A review on the study of urban residential structures: on the relationships between factorial ecology and urban geography. Geogr. Rev. Jpn. 55, 715\u2013734 (1982).","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev. Jpn"},{"key":"99711_CR27","unstructured":"Kurasawa, S. Social Atlas of Tokyo Japanese-Tokyo No Shakai Chizu (University of Tokyo, 1986)."},{"key":"99711_CR28","first-page":"114","volume":"2nd ed","author":"Y Nakamura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nakamura, Y. A textbook of epidemiology without tears in Kiso Kara Manabu Tanoshii Ekigaku (in Japanese). Igaku-Shoin 2nd ed, 114\u2013126 (2006).","journal-title":"Igaku-Shoin"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99711-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99711-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99711-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T16:36:41Z","timestamp":1746635801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-99711-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["99711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-99711-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15968"}}