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This study investigated whether an inertial measurement unit (IMU) embedded in non-wristwatch devices, such as smartphones, can also detect SA when worn during sleep. During polysomnography (PSG), subjects wore an IMU-embedded GPS device (Amue Link<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) and\/or smartphones (Xperia<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> or iPhone<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) on their abdomen. Triaxial acceleration and gyroscope signals were recorded overnight. Data were split into training and test groups (2:1) for each device. An algorithm was developed in the training groups to extract respiratory movements (0.13\u20130.70\u00a0Hz) and detect respiratory events, which were validated in the test groups. IMU-derived respiratory events showed breath-by-breath concordance with PSG apnea-hypopnea events, yielding F1 scores of 0.786, 0.821, and 0.796, respectively. Regression model derived from IMU signals correlated with PSG AHI in the test groups (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.90, 0.93, and 0.96), with limits of agreement of -16.7 to 25.9, -17.4 to 22.5, and \u2212\u200918.4 to 20.5. Using cutoff values from the training groups, moderate-to-severe SA (AHI\u2009\u2265\u200915) was identified in the test groups with AUCs of 0.95, 0.98, and 0.94 and F1 scores of 0.89, 0.96, and 0.92, respectively. IMUs embedded in non-wristwatch devices, including smartphones, can quantitatively detect SA when worn during sleep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99801-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T18:05:55Z","timestamp":1745863555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection of sleep apnea using smartphone-embedded inertial measurement unit"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Junichiro","family":"Hayano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Takeshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Imanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Ogasawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Yuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Mishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"99801_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(19)30198-5","volume":"7","author":"AV Benjafield","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjafield, A. 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K.M. is a professor of Akita University Graduate School of Medicine., which received funding for this study from Sony Group Corporation. The other authors declare no competing interests. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was performed according to the protocol that has been approved by Ethics Committee Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (registration number 34220, approval date 2023\/12\/28). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics declarations"}}],"article-number":"14923"}}