{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:31:04Z","timestamp":1793917864551,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study develops a resilience-oriented optimization framework for hospital microgrids that integrates photovoltaic (PV) generation, multi-node battery energy storage systems (BESS), and medical load prioritization under grid outage conditions. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is formulated to jointly optimize ESS scheduling, critical-load support, and renewable utilization across a set of Monte Carlo outage scenarios. The framework introduces a multi-tier hospital load hierarchy (ICU, OR, imaging, pharmacy) based on Value of Lost Load (VOLL), and employs a composite resilience index combining ENS, LOLP, and critical-load survivability. The model is evaluated on modified IEEE 13-, 33-, and 69-bus systems. Results show that coordinated multi-node ESS placement improves resilience significantly, reducing Energy Not Supplied (ENS) by 55\u201363% compared with baseline configurations, while maintaining\u2009\u2265\u200995% supply to life-critical loads across most stochastic outage realizations. The proposed strategy also ensures stable Resilience Index (RI) values with a variance below 10%, highlighting robustness against PV variability and outage timing uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that ESS capacity, PV penetration, and outage duration are the dominant factors influencing resilience. Overall, the framework provides a practical and quantitatively validated tool for hospital energy planners seeking enhanced survivability and operational security during grid disruptions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-34992-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:55:42Z","timestamp":1769687742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Resilience-oriented optimization of hospital microgrids with critical load support using ESS and PV under grid outage conditions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pourya","family":"Nazartalab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosein","family":"Alavi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"34992_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80854","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3085410","volume":"9","author":"F Angizeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Angizeh, F., Ghofrani, A., Zaidan, E. & Jafari, M. A. Resilience-oriented behind-the-meter energy storage system evaluation for mission-critical facilities. IEEE Access 9, 80854\u201380865 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"34992_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.103183","volume":"43","author":"M. B. Mustafa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mustafa, M. B. et al. Evaluation of a battery energy storage system in hospitals for arbitrage and ancillary services. J. Energy Storage 43, 103183 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"34992_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2020.105865","volume":"119","author":"A Lagrangea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lagrangea, A., Sim\u00f3n-Mart\u00ednb, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednezb, A., Braccoc, S. & Rosales-Asensio, E. Sustainable microgrids with energy storage as a means to increase power resilience in critical facilities: An application to a hospital. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 119, 105865 (2020).","journal-title":"Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"34992_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14040865","volume":"14","author":"E. Rosales-Asensio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosales-Asensio, E., Loma-Osorio, I., Palmero-Marrero, A. & Pulido-Alonso, A. Optimal microgrids in buildings with critical loads and hybrid energy storage. Buildings 14(4), 865 (2024).","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"34992_CR5","first-page":"185","volume":"1","author":"H Dincer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dincer, H. & Gokalp, Y. Optimal management of energy storage systems in hospitals with quantum spherical fuzzy decision-making modelling. Comput. Decis. Mak.: Int. J. 1, 185\u2013195 , (2024).","journal-title":"Comput. Decis. Mak.: Int. J."},{"issue":"14","key":"34992_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.3390\/en17143371","volume":"17","author":"M. Ferrara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferrara, M. et al. Review on advanced storage control applied to optimized operation of energy systems for buildings and districts: Insights and perspectives. Energies 17(14), 3371 (2024).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"1","key":"34992_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40866-021-00120-z","volume":"6","author":"D. Guven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guven, D., Kayalica, M. O. & Kayakutlu, G. Critical power demand scheduling for hospitals using repurposed ev batteries. Technol. Econ. Smart Grids Sustain. Energy 6(1), 21 (2021).","journal-title":"Technol. Econ. Smart Grids Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"34992_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsayed, M. F. Solar water heater sizing and economic evaluation for local hospital, 2021. in 12th International Renewable Engineering Conference (IREC) (Amman, Jordan, 2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/IREC51415.2021.9427810"},{"key":"34992_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.09.001","volume":"86","author":"Y Toughzaoui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toughzaoui, Y. et al. Advances in hospital energy systems: genetic algorithm optimization of a hybrid solar and hydrogen fuel cell combined heat and power. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 86, 1310\u20131325 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"34992_CR10","first-page":"e01389","volume":"17","author":"S Koumi Ngoha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koumi Ngoha, S., Francis Bakehe, J. & Edouma Fils, P. Green electricity and medical electrolytic oxygen from solar energy - A sustainable solution for rural hospitals. Sci. Afr. 17, e01389 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"34992_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2019.08.004","volume":"13","author":"LM Wangatia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wangatia, L. M., Yang, S., Zabihi, F., Zhu, M. & Ramakrishna, S. Biomedical electronics powered by solar cells. Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng. 13, 25\u201331 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"34992_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlct\/cty040","volume":"13","author":"Y Haghighi Bardineh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haghighi Bardineh, Y., Mohamadian, F., Ahmadi, M. H. & Akbarianrad, N. Medical and dental applications of renewable energy systems. Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol. 13(4), 320\u2013326 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"34992_CR13","first-page":"98","volume":"79","author":"J. Vourdoubas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vourdoubas, J. Use of renewable energy sources for heat and cooling generation in hospitals. Am. Sci. Res. J. Eng. Technol. Sci. (ASRJETS). 79(1), 98\u2013112 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. Sci. Res. J. Eng. Technol. Sci. (ASRJETS)"},{"issue":"2","key":"34992_CR14","first-page":"107","volume":"5","author":"A Armanfar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Armanfar, A. & Khanmohammadi, M. Integration of renewable energy sources in public buildings (Hospitals): one step to overcome addiction to using fossil energies. J. Environ. Nat. Stud. 5 (2), 107\u2013122 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Nat. Stud."},{"key":"34992_CR15","unstructured":"Odion, N., Jimu, H. & Odion, D. Optimization techniques for maximizing energy harvested in solar-powered wearable medical devices. N Int. J. Wearable Device (2024)."},{"issue":"1","key":"34992_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/wind5010004","volume":"5","author":"A. Aranizadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aranizadeh, A., Mirmozaffari, M. & Khalatabadi Farahani, B. Maximizing Wind turbine power generation through adaptive fuzzy logic control for optimal efficiency and performance. Wind 5 (1), 4 (2025).","journal-title":"Wind"},{"issue":"2","key":"34992_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40866-024-00210-8","volume":"9","author":"E. D. Escobar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Escobar, E. D., Betancur, D. & Isaac, I. A. Optimal power and battery storage dispatch architecture for microgrids: Implementation in a campus microgrid. Smart Grids Sustain. Energy 9(2), 27 (2024).","journal-title":"Smart Grids Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"34992_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.120709","volume":"335","author":"LM Le\u00f3n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, L. M., Romero-Quete, D., Merch\u00e1n, N. & Cort\u00e9s, C. A. Optimal design of PV and hybrid storage based microgrids for healthcare and government facilities connected to highly intermittent utility grids. Appl. Energy. 335, 120709 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"34992_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125578","volume":"263","author":"A. Izadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Izadi, A., Shahafve, M., Ahmadi, P. & Hanafizadeh, P. Design, and optimization of COVID-19 hospital wards to produce oxygen and electricity through solar PV panels with hydrogen storage systems by neural network-genetic algorithm. Energy 263, 125578 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"34992_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/ce\/zkad069","volume":"8","author":"M Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta, M. & Bhargava, A. Optimal design of hybrid renewable-energy microgrid system: A techno\u2013economic\u2013environment\u2013social\u2013 reliability perspective. Clean. Energy. 8(1), 66\u201383 (2024).","journal-title":"Clean. Energy"},{"issue":"12","key":"34992_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8121485","volume":"8","author":"J. Faraji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faraji, J., Babaei, M., Bayati, N., Hejazi, A. & M A comparative study between traditional backup generator systems and renewable energy based microgrids for power resilience enhancement of a local clinic. Electronics 8(12), 1485 (2019).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"34992_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.04.362","volume":"9","author":"M. H. Jahangir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jahangir, M. H., Abdi, A. & Fakouriyan, S. Energy demand supply of small-scale medical centers in epidemic conditions of Covid-19 with hybrid renewable resources. Energy Rep. 9, 5449\u20135457 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"34992_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.3390\/en16041918","volume":"16","author":"J. C. Majid Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Majid Ali, J. C. et al. A comparison of grid-connected local hospital loads with typical backup systems and renewable energy system based ad hoc microgrids for enhancing the resilience of the system. Energies 16(4), 1918 (2023).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"34992_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.111186","volume":"239","author":"H. Saki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saki, H., Zangeneh, A. & Aghaei, J. Distributed minimum spanning tree approach for critical load restoration using microgrid formation in resilient distribution systems. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 239, 111186 (2025).","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"34992_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106873","volume":"191","author":"M. Sasan Ghasemia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sasan Ghasemia, M. & Mohammadib, J. Moshtagh A new Look-ahead restoration of critical loads in the distribution networks during blackout with considering load curve of critical loads. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 191, 106873 (2021).","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"34992_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.01.003","volume":"9","author":"A Rafael Savariegoa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rafael Savariegoa, A. et al. Integration of CCHP microgrids in NZEB with critical loads under high PQR requirements, a position paper. Energy Rep. 9, 403\u2013409 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"34992_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M. et al. Planning of community microgrid for improving the resilience of system by using homer grid. in 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE\u201923 ECCE Europe) (Aalborg, Denmark, 2023).","DOI":"10.23919\/EPE23ECCEEurope58414.2023.10264450"},{"issue":"1","key":"34992_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2591531","volume":"9","author":"Y Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Liu, C. C., Schneider, K. P., Tuffner, F. K. & Ton, D. T. Microgrids for service restoration to critical load in a resilient distribution system. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 9(1), 426\u2013437 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"34992_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.3390\/su17104654","volume":"17","author":"MH Tanha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tanha, M. H., Tanha, Z., Aranizadeh, A. & Mirmozaffari, M. Sustainable wind energy security: assessing the impact of false data injection on wind turbine performance. Sustainability 17, 4654, (2025).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"7","key":"34992_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.3390\/su16072642","volume":"16","author":"MF Ishraque","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ishraque, M. F. et al. Design optimization of a grid-tied hybrid system for a department at a university with a dispatch strategy-based assessment. Sustainability 16(7), 2642 (2024).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"34992_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwas.2024.100155","volume":"8","author":"C. Pokson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pokson, C. & Chaiyat, N. Energy, economic, and environmental analysis of a novel combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) from infectious medical waste. Clean. Waste Syst. 8, 100155 (2024).","journal-title":"Clean. Waste Syst."},{"issue":"11","key":"34992_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.3390\/en12112156","volume":"12","author":"H. Shayeghi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shayeghi, H., Shahryari, E., Moradzadeh, M. & Siano, P. A survey on microgrid energy management considering flexible energy sources. Energies 12(11), 2156 (2019).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"19","key":"34992_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.3390\/en14196212","volume":"14","author":"M. B. Sigalo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sigalo, M. B., Pillai, A. C., Das, S. & Abusara, M. An energy management system for the control of battery storage in a grid-connected microgrid using mixed integer linear programming. Energies 14(19), 6212 (2021).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"34992_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalishazar, V., Poudel, S., Hanif, S. & Mana, P. T. Power System Resilience Metrics Augmentation for Critical Load Prioritization (Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, 2021).","DOI":"10.2172\/1764623"},{"key":"34992_CR35","unstructured":"Continuous operation in Healthcare Buildings. Providing Reliable and Safe Power for Critical Loads, ABB."},{"key":"34992_CR36","first-page":"103809","volume":"25","author":"A. Aranizadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aranizadeh, A., Shad, H., Vahidi, B. & Khorsandi, A. A novel small-scale wind-turbine blade failure detection according to monitored-data. Res. Eng. 25, 103809 (2025).","journal-title":"Res. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"34992_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12721","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3075245","volume":"36","author":"S Roy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roy, S., Azad, A. N. M. W., Baidya, S. & Khan, F. A comprehensive review on rectifiers, linear regulators, and switched-mode power processing techniques for biomedical sensors and implants utilizing in-Body energy harvesting and external power delivery. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 36 (11), 12721\u201312745 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"34992_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prime.2024.100811","volume":"10","author":"G. P. Murugan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Murugan, G. P. & Velusamy, J. Biomedical device powered by triboelectric nanogenerator. e-Prime Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy  10, 100811 (2024).","journal-title":"e-Prime Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-34992-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-34992-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-34992-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:19:41Z","timestamp":1781630381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-34992-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["34992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-34992-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5475"}}