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Here, we describe\n                    <jats:italic>Sauropia macrorhinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    gen. et sp. nov., a procolophonoid from the Ladinian (Pinheiros-Chiniqu\u00e1 Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence) of southern Brazil. The holotype, a nearly complete skull measuring only 9.5\u00a0mm in length, represents the smallest tetrapod known from these deposits. Its unique combination of features includes a proportionally large external naris, slender dorsal ramus of the maxilla, broad interorbital space, and three premaxillary teeth. Phylogenetic analyses consistently recover\n                    <jats:italic>Sauropia macrorhinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    gen. et sp. nov. as an early-diverging procolophonid, although its phylogenetic placement is complicated by its putatively immature ontogenetic stage. Its morphology provides valuable insight into early developmental stages of parareptiles and contributes to the understanding of Middle Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Based on size and dentition, the new taxon was likely insectivorous or fed on other small invertebrates, possibly being predated upon by small carnivorous organisms. This discovery expands the taxonomic and ecological diversity known for Middle Triassic faunas of South America and enhances our understanding of the structure and complexity of terrestrial food webs in Middle Triassic ecosystems, preceding the Carnian Pluvial Episode and the rise of dinosaurs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35114-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T10:05:21Z","timestamp":1769594721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The smallest tetrapod from the Middle Triassic of South America: a new procolophonoid parareptile from the Ladinian of Southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo T.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00facio","family":"Roberto-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Lucas Porcela","family":"Aur\u00e9lio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Kerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"35114_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00093-4","volume":"18","author":"MJ Benton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benton, M. 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