{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:55:50Z","timestamp":1791665750596,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8242003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8242003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of River Basin Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources","award":["Z0202042022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z0202042022"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of State key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering","award":["sklhse-2024-C-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["sklhse-2024-C-03"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022YFC3090600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3090600"]}]},{"name":"major projects of the natural science foundation of China","award":["52192671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52192671"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35296-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T07:17:15Z","timestamp":1768375035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Identifying and analysing the differences between flooding and waterlogging in urban areas"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jinjun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"35296_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124596","volume":"583","author":"Z. Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Shen, Y., Wang, H. & Wu, M. Urban flood disaster risk evaluation based on ontology and bayesian network. J. Hydrol. 583, 124596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124596 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"35296_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104138","volume":"86","author":"Q. Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng, Q., Shen, S., Zhou, A. & Lyu, H. M. Inundation risk assessment based on G-DEMATEL-AHP and its application to Zhengzhou flooding disaster. Sustain. Cities Soc. 86, 104138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104138 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"35296_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129841","volume":"624","author":"Z. Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. et al. Impacts of rainstorm characteristics on flood inundation mitigation performance of LID measures throughout an urban catchment. J. Hydrol. 624, 129841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129841 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"35296_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2023.101574","volume":"50","author":"X. Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, X. et al. A conceptual model to estimate flood damages for large-scale cities. Urban Clim. 50, 101574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.uclim.2023.101574 (2023).","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"35296_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-008-0064-y","volume":"4","author":"S Kazama","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kazama, S., Sato, A. & Kawagoe, S. Evaluating the cost of flood damage based on changes in extreme rainfall in Japan. Sustain. Sci. 4, 61-69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11625-008-0064-y (2009).","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"35296_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129267","volume":"618","author":"W. Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. A probabilistic assessment of urban flood risk and impacts of future climate change. J. Hydrol. 618, 129267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129267 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"35296_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174548","volume":"11","author":"Z. Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Shen, Y. & Wang, H. Assessing Urban areas ' vulnerability to flood disaster based on text data: a case study in zhengzhou city. Sustainability-Basel 11, 4548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su11174548 (2019).","journal-title":"Sustainability-Basel"},{"key":"35296_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9292","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159292","volume":"14","author":"H. Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, H., Zhao, L. & Chen, J. Metro System inundation in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. Sustainability-Basel 14, 9292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14159292 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustainability-Basel"},{"key":"35296_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.04.012","volume":"189","author":"K Liao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liao, K., Chan, J. K. H. & Huang, Y. Environmental justice and flood prevention: the moral cost of floodwater redistribution. Landsc. Urban Plan. 189, 36-45. DOI10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.04.012 (2019).","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"35296_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-018-3221-3","volume":"92","author":"L Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo, L. et al. A comprehensive flash flood defense system in china: overview, achievements, and outlook. Nat. Hazards. 92, 727-740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-018-3221-3 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"35296_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-023-03535-8","volume":"37","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. An improved fineness flood risk analysis method based on digital terrain acquisition. Water Resour. Manag. 37, 3973-3998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11269-023-03535-8 (2023).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag"},{"key":"35296_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152552","volume":"817","author":"G. Cremen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cremen, G., Galasso, C. & McCloskey, J. Modelling and quantifying tomorrow\u2019s risks from natural hazards. Sci. Total Environ. 817, 152552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152552 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"35296_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.132862","volume":"654","author":"A. Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, A. et al. Micro-macro-scale flood modeling in ungauged channels: Rain-on-grid approach for improving prediction accuracy with varied resolution datasets. J. Hydrol. 654, 132862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.132862 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"35296_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30326-w","volume":"30","author":"H Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, H., Luo, Q., Sun, X. & Wang, Z. Comprehensive evaluation of urban waterlogging prevention resilience based on the fuzzy VIKOR method: a case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Environ. Sci. Pollut R. 30, 112773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-30326-w (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut R"},{"key":"35296_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2166\/wp.2019.174","volume":"22","author":"IA Pervin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pervin, I. A. et al. Adapting to urban flooding: a case of two cities in South Asia. Water Policy. 22, 162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wp.2019.174  (2019).","journal-title":"Water Policy"},{"key":"35296_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16406","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416406","volume":"19","author":"H. Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, H., Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Huang, Y. & Yang, F. Urban flood risk assessment based on dynamic population distribution and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. International J. Environ. Res. Public. Health.19 , 16406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192416406 (2022).","journal-title":"International J. Environ. Res. Public. Health."},{"key":"35296_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182173","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2023.2182173","volume":"14","author":"X. Ying","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ying, X. et al. Sub-catchment-based urban flood risk assessment with a multi-index fuzzy evaluation approach: a case study of Jinjiang district, China. Geomat Nat. Haz Risk.14 , 2182173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19475705.2182173  (2023).","journal-title":"Geomat Nat. Haz Risk"},{"key":"35296_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-04372-3","volume":"105","author":"W Jian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jian, W. et al. Evaluating pluvial flood hazard for highly urbanised cities: a case study of the Pearl river delta region in China. Nat. Hazards. 105, 1691-1719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-020-04372-3 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"35296_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128134","volume":"612","author":"D. Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, D. et al. A new method to analyze the driving mechanism of flood disaster resilience and its management decision-making. J. Hydrol. 612, 128134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128134 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"35296_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445631","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2024.2445631","volume":"16","author":"L. Long","year":"2025","unstructured":"Long, L. et al. Urban flood resilience evaluation in china: a systematic review of frameworks, methods, and limitations. Geomat. Nat. Haz Risk. 16, 2445631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19475705.2024.2445631 (2025).","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Haz Risk"},{"key":"35296_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462175","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2025.2462175","volume":"16","author":"A. Mremi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mremi, A., Kimwaga, R., Mulungu, D. M. M. & Izdori, F. J. Spatial and Temporal rainfall variability impacts on faecal sludge management services in Sinza river catchment at Tandale ward in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Geomat. Nat. Haz Risk. 16, 2462175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19475705.2025.2462175 (2025).","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Haz Risk"},{"key":"35296_CR22","first-page":"189","volume":"42","author":"Y Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian, Y. Research on waterlogging prevention and control in Jinzhong street old town based on infoworks. J. Municipal Technol. 42, 189\u2013196 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Municipal Technol."},{"key":"35296_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9010041","volume":"9","author":"W. Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, W., Fang, Y., Zhai, Q., Wang, W. & Zhang, Y. Assessing emergency shelter demand using POI data and evacuation simulation. Isprs Int. J. Geo-Inf. 9 , 41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9010041 (2020).","journal-title":"Isprs Int. J. Geo-Inf"},{"key":"35296_CR24","first-page":"234","volume":"41 165","author":"Z Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Luo, X., Nan, L. & Shuang, L. Review and control key of rainwater drainage engineering design of municipal roads underpass tunnel in river network area. J. Municipal Technol. 41,165, 234 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Municipal Technol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-35296-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-35296-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-35296-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T21:02:55Z","timestamp":1770411775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-35296-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["35296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-35296-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5195"}}