{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:10:29Z","timestamp":1780413029687,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"PEPR FairCarboN et projet SLAM-B et NZEMIX","award":["ANR-23-CE05-0003-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-23-CE05-0003-01"]}]},{"name":"PEPR FairCarboN et projet SLAM-B et NZEMIX","award":["ANR-23-CE05-0003-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-23-CE05-0003-01"]}]},{"name":"PEPR FairCarboN et projet SLAM-B et NZEMIX","award":["ANR-23-CE05-0003-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-23-CE05-0003-01"]}]},{"name":"PEPR FairCarboN et projet SLAM-B et NZEMIX","award":["ANR-23-CE05-0003-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-23-CE05-0003-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35568-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T09:48:44Z","timestamp":1769593724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Linking energy service access and human capabilities to assess energy justice in the rural Sahel"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Moussa","family":"Ka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9o","family":"Chamarande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Loireau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ababacar","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Pillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"35568_CR1","unstructured":"Secretary-General & Releases at \u2018Sustainable Energy for All\u2019 Briefing, Tells Member States Austria to Host Partnership, Speeding Progress on Green Growth Development Goal | UN Meetings Coverage and Press accessed December 29, (n.d.). (2025). https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2015\/sgsm17078.doc.htm"},{"key":"35568_CR2","unstructured":"IEA, I. R. E. N. A., World Bank, U. N. S. D. & WHO. Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report. World Bank, Washington DC. \u00a9 World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution\u2014NonCommercial 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO)., (n.d.). (2023)."},{"key":"35568_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2024.103754","volume":"118","author":"L Jodoin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jodoin, L. et al. Making energy justice work for women in rural sub-Saharan africa: A quantitative diagnostic from Benin, Senegal, and Togo. Energy Res. Social Sci. 118, 103754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2024.103754 (2024).","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"35568_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2023.103222","volume":"103","author":"R Stock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stock, R., Nyantakyi-Frimpong, H., Antwi-Agyei, P. & Yeleliere, E. Volta photovoltaics: ruptures in resource access as gendered injustices for solar energy in Ghana. Energy Res. Social Sci. 103, 103222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2023.103222 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"35568_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101712","volume":"69","author":"S Samarakoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samarakoon, S. The troubled path to ending darkness: energy injustice encounters in malawi\u2019s off-grid solar market. Energy Res. Social Sci. 69, 101712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101712 (2020).","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"35568_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2022.102884","volume":"94","author":"R Cantoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cantoni, R., Caprotti, F. & De Groot, J. Solar energy at the peri-urban frontier: an energy justice study of urban peripheries from Burkina Faso and South Africa. Energy Res. Social Sci. 94, 102884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2022.102884 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"35568_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esd.2024.101546","volume":"83","author":"MM Akrofi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akrofi, M. M., McLellan, B. C. & Okitasari, M. Characterizing \u2018injustices\u2019 in clean energy transitions in Africa. Energy. Sustain. Dev. 83, 101546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esd.2024.101546 (2024).","journal-title":"Energy. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"35568_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112298","volume":"160","author":"KMS Domegni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Domegni, K. M. S. & Azouma, Y. O. Productive uses of energy: A solution for promoting energy justice in rural areas in West Africa. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 160, 112298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112298 (2022).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"35568_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.112127","volume":"150","author":"R Cantoni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cantoni, R., Skr\u00e6p Svenningsen, L. & Sanfo, S. Unattainable proximity: solar power and peri-urbanity in central Burkina Faso. Energy Policy. 150, 112127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.112127 (2021).","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"35568_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2022.105953","volume":"109","author":"DW Gafa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gafa, D. W., Egbendewe, A. Y. G. & Jodoin, L. Operationalizing affordability criterion in energy justice: evidence from rural West Africa. Energy Econ. 109, 105953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eneco.2022.105953 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"35568_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.01.002","volume":"142","author":"BK Sovacool","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sovacool, B. K. & Dworkin, M. H. Energy justice: conceptual insights and practical applications. Appl. Energy. 142, 435\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.01.002 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"35568_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13705-017-0111-6","volume":"7","author":"C Damgaard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Damgaard, C., McCauley, D. & Long, J. Assessing the energy justice implications of bioenergy development in Nepal. Energ. Sustain. Soc. 7, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13705-017-0111-6 (2017).","journal-title":"Energ. Sustain. Soc."},{"key":"35568_CR13","unstructured":"M.C. Nussbaum, A. Sen, World Institute for Development Economics Research. eds., The quality of life: a study prepared for the World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) of the United Nations University; [papers derive from a conference that took place at the WIDER in Helsinki in July 1988], Reprinted, Clarendon Press, Oxford, (1993)."},{"key":"35568_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.05.019","volume":"141","author":"LI Brand-Correa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brand-Correa, L. I. & Steinberger, J. K. A framework for decoupling human need satisfaction from energy use. Ecol. Econ. 141, 43\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.05.019 (2017).","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"35568_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.13189\/eee.2017.050101","volume":"5","author":"G Bi\u0307lgi\u0307\u00e7","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bi\u0307lgi\u0307\u00e7, G. The measure and definition of access to energy systems by households and social effects of lack of modern energy access. Energy Environ. Eng. 5, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13189\/eee.2017.050101 (2017).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Eng."},{"key":"35568_CR16","unstructured":"Bank, A. D. & African Development Bank Group. Desert to Power initiative, (2019). https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/en\/topics-and-sectors\/initiatives-partnerships\/desert-power-initiative (accessed October 29, 2025)."},{"key":"35568_CR17","unstructured":"Energy4Sahel. UNDP (n.d.). accessed October 29, (2025). https:\/\/www.undp.org\/energy\/energy4sahel"},{"key":"35568_CR18","unstructured":"Alliance Sahel. plateforme internationale de coordination, Alliance Sahel (n.d.). accessed February 5, (2025). https:\/\/www.alliance-sahel.org\/lalliance-sahel\/"},{"key":"35568_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/15487733.2021.1912907","volume":"17","author":"D Fuchs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fuchs, D. et al. A corridors and power-oriented perspective on energy-service demand and needs satisfaction. Sustainability: Sci. Pract. Policy. 17, 162\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15487733.2021.1912907 (2021).","journal-title":"Sustainability: Sci. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"35568_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.03.019","volume":"93","author":"R Day","year":"2016","unstructured":"Day, R., Walker, G. & Simcock, N. Conceptualising energy use and energy poverty using a capabilities framework. Energy Policy. 93, 255\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.03.019 (2016).","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"35568_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2019.106502","volume":"169","author":"K Whiting","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whiting, K., Carmona, L. G., Brand-Correa, L. & Simpson, E. Illumination as a material service: A comparison between ancient Rome and early 19th century London. Ecol. Econ. 169, 106502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2019.106502 (2020).","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"35568_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/0964401042000229025","volume":"13","author":"D Schlosberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schlosberg, D. Reconceiving environmental justice: global movements and political theories. Environ. Politics. 13, 517\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0964401042000229025 (2004).","journal-title":"Environ. Politics"},{"key":"35568_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2015.10.004","volume":"11","author":"K Jenkins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jenkins, K., McCauley, D., Heffron, R., Stephan, H. & Rehner, R. Energy justice: A conceptual review. Energy Res. Social Sci. 11, 174\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2015.10.004 (2016).","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"35568_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fraser, N. Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation, in: Culture and Economy after the Cultural Turn, SAGE Publications Ltd, 1 Oliver\u2019s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom, : pp. 25\u201352. (1999). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781446218112.n2","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446218112.n2"},{"key":"35568_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-21500-3","author":"L Doyal","year":"1991","unstructured":"Doyal, L. & Gough, I. Theory of human need. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-349-21500-3 (1991). 1st ed.","journal-title":"Bloomsbury Publishing Plc"},{"key":"35568_CR26","unstructured":"Max Neef Human Scale Development. n.d. accessed October 29, (2025). http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/MaxNeefHumanScaleDevelopment"},{"key":"35568_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2014.02.003","volume":"1","author":"BK Sovacool","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sovacool, B. K. What are we doing here? Analyzing fifteen years of energy scholarship and proposing a social science research agenda. Energy Res. Social Sci. 1, 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2014.02.003 (2014).","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"35568_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0497-9","volume":"4","author":"ND Rao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rao, N. D., Min, J. & Mastrucci, A. Energy requirements for decent living in India, Brazil and South Africa. Nat. Energy. 4, 1025\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41560-019-0497-9 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"35568_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rset.2024.100078","volume":"5","author":"T Chamarande","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chamarande, T., Etienne, E. & Mathy, S. Sizing isolated mini-grids in kenya: risk transfer to deal with multidimensional uncertainties and constraints. Renew. Sustainable Energy Transition. 5, 100078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rset.2024.100078 (2024).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustainable Energy Transition"},{"key":"35568_CR30","unstructured":"Freudenberger, M. S. accessed January 31, Land tenure, nocal institutions and natural resources in Senegal, n.d. (2025). https:\/\/pdf.usaid.gov\/pdf_docs\/pnabp195.pdf"},{"key":"35568_CR31","unstructured":"IEA. (2016).World Energy Outlook (2016)."},{"key":"35568_CR32","unstructured":"Modi, V., McDade, S., Lallement, D., Saghir, J. & the Millennium Development Goals. Energy and. New York: Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme, United Nations Development Programme, UN Millennium Project, and World Bank., (n.d.). (2006). https:\/\/www.undp.org\/sites\/g\/files\/zskgke326\/files\/publications\/MP_Energy2006.pdf (accessed February 1, 2025)."},{"key":"35568_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.11.003","volume":"15","author":"K Kaygusuz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaygusuz, K. Energy services and energy poverty for sustainable rural development. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15, 936\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2010.11.003 (2011).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"35568_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3917\/eg.473.0235","volume":"47","author":"O Marega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marega, O. & Mering, C. Les agropasteurs sah\u00e9liens face aux changements socio-environnementaux: nouveaux enjeux, nouveaux risques, nouveaux axes de transhumance. L\u2019Espace G\u00e9ographique Tome. 47, 235\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/eg.473.0235 (2018).","journal-title":"L\u2019Espace G\u00e9ographique Tome"},{"key":"35568_CR35","unstructured":"Ninot, O., Ndiaye, N. D., Diagne, A., Mugel\u00e9, R. & Sakho, P. L\u2019autre Ferlo (zone sylvopastorale du nord du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal): un territoire pas ou plus si marginal ? (2019)."},{"key":"35568_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4959.2008.00312.x","volume":"175","author":"TA Benjaminsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benjaminsen, T. A., Ba, B. & Conflicts, F. H. Pastoral marginalisation and corruption: A case study from the inland Niger delta of Mali. Geographical J. 175, 71\u201381 (2009).","journal-title":"Geographical J."},{"key":"35568_CR37","unstructured":"Programme des Nations Unies pour le D\u00e9veloppement. Recueil Sur Le Code De l\u2019\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 Du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal \u2013 \u00c9dition 1 (Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9nergie & PNUD S\u00e9n\u00e9gal., 2025). https:\/\/www.undp.org\/sites\/g\/files\/zskgke326\/files\/2025-09\/recueil_codes_electricite_senegal.pdf"},{"key":"35568_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00e8ne, A. M. & Codjia, C. Dynamiques de l\u2019am\u00e9nagement du territoire et in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociospatiales au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, cgq 60 11\u201327. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202\/1038663ar","DOI":"10.7202\/1038663ar"},{"key":"35568_CR39","unstructured":"Recensements accessed October 29, Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la D\u00e9mographie (ANSD) du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal (n.d.). (2025). https:\/\/www.ansd.sn\/donnees-recensements"},{"key":"35568_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2015.06.007","volume":"10","author":"S Bouzarovski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bouzarovski, S. & Petrova, S. A global perspective on domestic energy deprivation: overcoming the energy poverty\u2013fuel poverty binary. Energy Res. Social Sci. 10, 31\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2015.06.007 (2015).","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"35568_CR41","unstructured":"United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel. Pastoralism and security in West Africa and the sahel: towards peaceful coexistence. UNOWAS study August 2018. https:\/\/unowas.unmissions.org\/sites\/default\/files\/rapport_pastoralisme_eng-april_2019_online.pdf (UNOWAS, Dakar, 2019)."},{"key":"35568_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-018-0115-7","volume":"8","author":"C Umutoni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Umutoni, C. & Ayantunde, A. A. Perceived effects of transhumant practices on natural resource management in Southern Mali. Pastoralism 8, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13570-018-0115-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"35568_CR43","unstructured":"Note Politique. Acc\u00e8s des m\u00e9nages agricoles au cr\u00e9dit | Direction de l\u2019Analyse, de la Pr\u00e9vision et des Statistiques Agricoles - DAPSA, (n.d.). accessed February 5, (2025). https:\/\/www.dapsa.gouv.sn\/content\/note-politique-acc%C3%A8s-des-m%C3%A9nages-agricoles-au-cr%C3%A9dit"},{"key":"35568_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jangorzo, N. S. et al. Modeling the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Local Context for a Contextualized Diffusion of Agroecological Intensification Options in Niger, IJG 15 270\u2013301. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ijg.2024.153016","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2024.153016"},{"key":"35568_CR45","unstructured":"Ba, B. Espace pastoral en contexte de d\u00e9centralisation dans la zone sylvopastorale du Ferlo dans le nord du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, (2023). https:\/\/mail.google.com\/mail\/u\/0\/?hl=fr#search\/these+ba\/FMfcgzGsmhfdkfJnVpMBDCQfvQHmdVSK?projector=1&messagePartId=0.1 (accessed October 29, 2025)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-35568-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-35568-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-35568-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:49:36Z","timestamp":1771238976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-35568-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["35568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-35568-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study does not require approval from the ethics committee, as it does not fall within the scope of Law No. 2009-17 of March 9, 2009, which establishes the Code of Ethics for Health Research and to which this committee is subject. According to Article 3 of this law, its application is limited to health research, which includes: epidemiological research, biomedical research, research in traditional medicine, research on health systems, and research in social and human sciences. Article 4 further specifies that research in social and human sciences pertains to the study of social and human factors influencing the health status of individuals and societies. Moreover, Article 8 states that the ethical and scientific approval of the National Ethics Committee for Health Research (CNERS) is a prerequisite for conducting any research within these categories. Finally, based on Article 2 of Decree No. 2009\u2009\u2212\u2009729 of August 3, 2009, which defines the missions and responsibilities of CNERS, we consider that this study does not fall within the scope of research requiring ethics committee approval. We did not collect data on humans in the strict sense, nor any data directly linked to individuals. However, we gathered factual information about processes and services provided to communities of stakeholders. The data used and analyzed are not publicly available but can be provided upon request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approbation"}},{"value":"Data collection was based on a protocol established by the authors in accordance with the French GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) guidelines and IRD (French Research Institute for Development) directives and reglementations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and by their legal representatives.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data collection and participant consent"}}],"article-number":"6518"}}