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Fetal eye movements were recorded for 60\u00a0min. Data from 41 children with complete follow-up at age 3 years were analyzed. EMD was calculated as the number of eye movements per minute during periods with eye movement activity, which reflects the active behavioral state considered a precursor to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. At 3 years, development was assessed using the Kinder Infant Development Scale and autism-related traits using the Social Responsiveness Scale-2. Sleep was evaluated with caregiver-completed questionnaires and sleep logs at 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years. Higher fetal EMD was associated with greater receptive and expressive language development, whereas lower EMD was linked to higher restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) scores and an increased likelihood of clinically significant RRB. Moreover, lower EMD predicted later bedtimes at age 1 year. These findings suggest that fetal EMD reflects early maturation of neural circuits and may serve as a noninvasive early biomarker for identifying children at risk of developmental and behavioral difficulties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35780-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:47:27Z","timestamp":1768564047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between fetal eye movement density and developmental problems at age 3 years"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yukiyo","family":"Shimada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiichi","family":"Morokuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazushige","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Okuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoko","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"35780_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2740","volume":"27","author":"JIP de Vries","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Vries, J. 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