{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:00:38Z","timestamp":1781632838676,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007051","name":"Uppsala University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Previous studies have found a markedly reduced risk of cancer among Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) patients with CAG\u2009\u2265\u200940, but data on cancer risk at shorter repeat numbers are lacking. The study includes 8149 subjects from Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study. Genotyping yielded a large number of intermediate allele carriers (IA, CAG\n                    <jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub>\n                    27\u201335, (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009497), normal alleles (CAG\n                    <jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub>\n                    17\u201326,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096584), short alleles (CAG\u2009\u2264\u200916,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009169) and 31 subjects with &gt;\u200935 repeats, including reduced penetrance alleles (36\u201339; not guaranteed to suffer HD symptoms during a normal lifespan) and HD alleles\u2009&gt;\u200939. Cancer diagnoses were retrieved from the Swedish Cancer Registry and the Hospital Discharge Registry and death certificates. We used Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the time to cancer, on strata of the population created by CAG repeat number intervals. Smoking status, BMI, as well as alcohol consumption were included in the models. 2735 participants (33.6%) had\u2009\u2265\u20091 cancer type. The Hazard-Ratio (HR) for IA carriers compared with normal alleles was similar, 0.97 CI 0.82\u20131.15). The reduced penetrance allele group (CAG\n                    <jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub>\n                    36\u201339,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929) had HR of 0.54 CI 0.22\u20131.30 similar to what has been reported with a full penetrance allele. Intermediate allele carriers as a group did not have a reduced risk of cancer. It remains possible that reduced penetrance alleles confer lower risk of cancer, with signs of a dose-dependent protective effect of CAG repeat length. The latter finding needs to be confirmed in even larger cohorts as these repeat numbers are relatively rare.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35941-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T17:25:44Z","timestamp":1768584344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lifetime risk of cancer in carriers of intermediate alleles in the HTT gene"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Sundblom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingvar","family":"Bergdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Lena","family":"Stattin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2576-9938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter","family":"Niemel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Electronic","key":"35941_CR1","first-page":"1878","volume":"402","author":"D Savitt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Savitt, D. & Jankovic, J. 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Cancer 86 (7), 1342\u20131346 (1999).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"35941_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70132-8","volume":"13","author":"J Ji","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ji, J., Sundquist, K. & Sundquist, J. Cancer incidence in patients with polyglutamine diseases: a population-based study in Sweden. Lancet Oncol. 13 (6), 642\u2013648 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"issue":"12","key":"35941_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003725","volume":"88","author":"G Coarelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coarelli, G. et al. Low cancer prevalence in polyglutamine expansion diseases. Neurology 88 (12), 1114\u20131119 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"35941_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-170263","volume":"7","author":"P McNulty","year":"2018","unstructured":"McNulty, P. et al. 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The study was carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"2597"}}