{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:50:47Z","timestamp":1791503447532,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China - Young Scientist Fund","award":["52407188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52407188"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["JQ23013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQ23013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022015,20230484449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022015,20230484449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["buctrc201906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["buctrc201906"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2025YFE0114500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFE0114500"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFE0126000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0126000"]}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2022A1515011129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011129"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Major Project","award":["KJZD20230923114406014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZD20230923114406014"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation","award":["C2301011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2301011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) displays antiviral properties, and its efficacy and safety in daily use are subject to full elucidation. In this work, we develop an air-fed CAP device, by inhaling and filtering, to directly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in the air. The plasma shows a high intensity with reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in optical emission, with plasma electron temperature and density of 0.31\u00a0eV and 3.25\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>17<\/jats:sup>\n                    m\n                    <jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively, confirming a strong discharge for SARS-CoV-2 disinfection. A qualitative analysis of the device\u2019s discharge process is conducted using a two-dimensional fluid model. The disinfection results show that the typical SARS-CoV-2 morphological spikes disappear after plasma treatment, and the proteosomes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus change. In addition, we conduct experiments on rats to evaluate the safety of the air plasma device in daily use. Rats\u2019 behavior, body weight, food consumption, organ histopathology, and blood biochemical indicators after exposure to this device are evaluated. These results demonstrate that under our experimental conditions, this prototype plasma\u2013air circulation system altered the structural integrity of SARS-CoV-2 and did not produce overt acute toxicity in rats over 4 weeks, although some serum chemistry parameters changed and require further evaluation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36088-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T15:05:48Z","timestamp":1768230348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Air-fed cold atmospheric plasma device as a safe and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 air filter"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingnan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiujie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Qie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gbenga A.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamoliddin","family":"Razzokov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhitong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"36088_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2003717","volume":"382","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Detection of Covid-19 in children in early January 2020 in Wuhan, China. New. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1370\u20131371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2003717 (2020).","journal-title":"New. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"36088_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12024","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.12024","volume":"1","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Aptamer-based strategies against SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Biomedical Eng. Mater. J. 1, e12024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bmm2.12024 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomedical Eng. Mater. J."},{"key":"36088_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19568-1","volume":"11","author":"S Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Characterization of neutralizing antibody with prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus monkeys. Nat. Commun. 11, 5752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-19568-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"36088_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200012","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.202200012","volume":"19","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Bai, F., Jonas, S. J. & Wirz, R. E. Cold atmospheric plasma for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. Plasma Processes Polym. 19, 2200012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppap.202200012 (2022).","journal-title":"Plasma Processes Polym."},{"key":"36088_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, K. et al. Transition mechanisms between selective O3 and nox generation modes in atmospheric-pressure plasmas: decoupling specific discharge energy and gas temperature effects. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 32, 025005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595%2Facb814 (2023).","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595%2Facb814"},{"key":"36088_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100016","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.202100016","volume":"18","author":"K Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, K. et al. Gas-phase peroxynitrite generation using dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure: A prospective sterilizer. Plasma Processes Polym. 18, 2100016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppap.202100016 (2021).","journal-title":"Plasma Processes Polym."},{"key":"36088_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.03.003","volume":"630","author":"X Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu, X. et al. Reactive species in non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasmas: Generation, transport, and biological effects. Phys. Rep. 630, 1\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.03.003 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"36088_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263001","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/45\/26\/263001","volume":"45","author":"DB Graves","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graves, D. B. The emerging role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in redox biology and some implications for plasma applications to medicine and biology. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45, 263001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0022-3727\/45\/26\/263001 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"36088_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2022.3173607","volume":"6","author":"Y Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Cold atmospheric plasma for cancer treatment: molecular and immunological mechanisms. IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci. 6, 916\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TRPMS.2022.3173607 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci."},{"key":"36088_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-79701-9","volume":"6","author":"Z Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, Z. & Wirz, R. E. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology and applications. SLME 6, 1\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-79701-9 (2021).","journal-title":"SLME"},{"key":"36088_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917891117","volume":"117","author":"G Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, G. et al. Transdermal cold atmospheric plasma-mediated immune checkpoint Blockade therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117, 3687\u20133692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1917891117 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"36088_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9060061","volume":"9","author":"Z Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. A novel micro cold atmospheric plasma device for glioblastoma both in vitro and in vivo. Cancers (Basel). 9, 61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers9060061 (2017).","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"36088_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6330","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116330","volume":"23","author":"J Razzokov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Razzokov, J. et al. Mechanistic insight into permeation of plasma-generated species from vacuum into water bulk. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 6330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23116330 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"36088_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg5686","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg5686","volume":"7","author":"G Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, G. et al. Portable air-fed cold atmospheric plasma device for postsurgical cancer treatment. Sci. Adv. 7, eabg5686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abg5686 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"36088_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105011","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/ad8216","volume":"33","author":"A Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan, A. et al. Atmospheric pressure plasma jet interacting with a droplet on dielectric surface. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 33, 105011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ad8216 (2024).","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci. Technol."},{"key":"36088_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111702","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0031332","volume":"32","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Garcia, G. Jr, Arumugaswami, V. & Wirz, R. E. Cold atmospheric plasma for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. Phys. Fluids. 32, 111702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0031332 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"36088_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.216","volume":"48","author":"G Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Cervantes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Cervantes, G. et al. Disinfection of N95 masks artificially contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 and ESKAPE bacteria using hydrogen peroxide plasma: impact on the reutilization of disposable devices. Am. J. Infect. Control. 48, 1037\u20131041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.216 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"36088_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.3390\/covid2100100","volume":"2","author":"C Loizou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loizou, C. et al. Effect of cold atmospheric plasma on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation: a pilot study in the hospital environment. COVID 2, 1396\u20131404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/covid2100100 (2022).","journal-title":"COVID"},{"key":"36088_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230012","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20230012","volume":"4","author":"H Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin, H. et al. Cold atmospheric plasma can effectively disinfect SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater. Exploration 4, 20230012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/EXP.20230012 (2024).","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"36088_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2021.10.001","volume":"66","author":"S Wolfgruber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wolfgruber, S., Loibner, M., Puff, M., Melischnig, A. & Zatloukal, K. SARS-CoV2 neutralizing activity of Ozone on porous and non-porous materials. N Biotechnol. 66, 36\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbt.2021.10.001 (2022).","journal-title":"N Biotechnol."},{"key":"36088_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085019","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0060530","volume":"11","author":"T Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin, T. et al. Cold atmospheric plasma: A non-negligible strategy for viral RNA inactivation to prevent SARS-CoV-2 environmental transmission. AIP Adv. 11, 085019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0060530 (2021).","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"36088_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.70098","volume":"12","author":"P Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, P. et al. Cold atmospheric plasma for preventing infection of viruses that use ACE2 for entry. Theranostics 12, 2811 (2022). https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35401827\/","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"36088_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"027002","DOI":"10.35848\/1882-0786\/abd717","volume":"14","author":"P Attri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Attri, P., Koga, K. & Shiratani, M. Possible impact of plasma oxidation on the structure of the C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein: a computational study. Appl. Phys. Express. 14, 027002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35848\/1882-0786\/abd717 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"36088_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127742","volume":"421","author":"L Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo, L. et al. Plasma-activated water: an alternative disinfectant for S protein inactivation to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chem. Eng. J. 421, 127742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127742 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"36088_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9020249","volume":"9","author":"Z Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Obenchain, R. & Wirz, R. E. Tiny cold atmospheric plasma jet for biomedical applications. Processes 9, 249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr9020249 (2021).","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"36088_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264102","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0096605","volume":"120","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Investigation of different solutions activated by air plasma jet and their anticancer effect. Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 264102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0096605 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"36088_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15001","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/133\/15001","volume":"133","author":"H Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng, H., Chen, P. & Chen, Z. Cold-atmospheric-plasma\u2013induced skin wrinkle. EPL 133, 15001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1209\/0295-5075\/133\/15001 (2021).","journal-title":"EPL"},{"key":"36088_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031010","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4962130","volume":"11","author":"Z Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Lin, L., Cheng, X., Gjika, E. & Keidar, M. Treatment of gastric cancer cells with nonthermal atmospheric plasma generated in water. Biointerphases 11, 031010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4962130 (2016).","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"36088_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11939","volume":"47","author":"S Chupradit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chupradit, S. et al. Recent advances in cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) for breast cancer therapy. Cell. Biol. Int. 47, 327\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbin.11939 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell. Biol. Int."},{"key":"36088_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00242","volume":"8","author":"K Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, K., Liu, S. & Ran, C. The effect of air-water-plasma-jet-activated water on penicillium: the reaction of HNO2 and H2O2 under acidic condition. Front. Phys. 8, 242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphy.2020.00242 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"36088_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1049\/hve2.1235","volume":"8","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Studies on plasma-activated Perilla seed oil: Diagnosis, optimisation, and validation of reactive species. High. Voltage. 8, 841\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/hve2.1235 (2023).","journal-title":"High. Voltage"},{"key":"36088_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115004","volume":"383","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. et al. Cold atmospheric plasma-activated saline alleviates secondary injury post-SCI by inhibiting extracellular matrix remodeling and infiltration of Proinflammatory macrophages. Exp. Neurol. 383, 115004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115004 (2025).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"36088_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40066552","DOI":"10.7754\/clin.lab.2024.241028","volume":"71","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Cold atmospheric plasma for promoting healing and anti-infection of chronic wounds: a Meta-Analysis. Clin. Lab. 71, 40066552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7754\/clin.lab.2024.241028 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"36088_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.429","volume":"130","author":"W Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Cold atmospheric plasma and iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles for synergetic lung cancer therapy. Free Radical Biol. Med. 130, 71\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.429 (2019).","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"36088_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1615\/PlasmaMed.2018026588","volume":"8","author":"Z Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. Micro-sized cold atmospheric plasma source for brain and breast cancer treatment. Plasma Med. 8, 203\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/PlasmaMed.2018026588 (2018).","journal-title":"Plasma Med."},{"key":"36088_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201600086","volume":"13","author":"Z Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Lin, L., Cheng, X., Gjika, E. & Keidar, M. Effects of cold atmospheric plasma generated in deionized water in cell cancer therapy. Plasma Processes Polym. 13, 1151\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppap.201600086 (2016).","journal-title":"Plasma Processes Polym."},{"key":"36088_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139596","volume":"452","author":"H Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, H., Liu, C. & Huang, Q. Enhance the inactivation of fungi by the sequential use of cold atmospheric plasma and plasma-activated water: synergistic effect and mechanism study. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139596 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"36088_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200527","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200527","volume":"12","author":"I Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han, I. et al. Bioactive nonthermal biocompatible plasma enhances migration on human gingival fibroblasts. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 12, 2200527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.202200527 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"36088_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2017.2761192","volume":"2","author":"Z Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. Selective treatment of pancreatic cancer cells by plasma-activated saline solutions. IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci. 2, 116\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TRPMS.2017.2761192 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci."},{"key":"36088_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19475411.2018.1541936","volume":"10","author":"R-G Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, R-G., Chen, Z., Keidar, M. & Leng, Y. The impact of radicals in cold atmospheric plasma on the structural modification of gap junction: A reactive molecular dynamics study. Int. J. Smart Nano Mater. 10, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19475411.2018.1541936 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Nano Mater."},{"key":"36088_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12454-9","volume":"7","author":"Z Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Zhang, S., Levchenko, I., Beilis, I. I. & Keidar, M. In vitro demonstration of cancer inhibiting properties from stratified self-organized plasma-liquid interface. Sci. Rep. 7, 12163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-12454-9 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"36088_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1039\/D2LC00951J","volume":"23","author":"F Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, F. et al. A composition-tunable cold atmospheric plasma chip for multiplex-treatment of cells. Lab. Chip. 23, 580\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D2LC00951J (2023).","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"36088_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015208","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/50\/1\/015208","volume":"50","author":"Z Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Cheng, X., Lin, L. & Keidar, M. Cold atmospheric plasma discharged in water and its potential use in cancer therapy. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50, 015208 (2016). https:\/\/www.x-mol.com\/paperRedirect\/1520692097209233408","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"36088_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010197117","volume":"117","author":"W Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Rapid identification of a human antibody with high prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in three animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117, 29832\u201329838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2010197117 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"36088_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128414","volume":"430","author":"H Qin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qin, H. et al. Efficient disinfection of SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus, pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses using cold plasma induces Spike protein damage. J. Hazard. Mater. 430, 128414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128414 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"36088_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reema, B. D., Bailung, H. & Sankaranarayanan, K. Comparative analysis of direct cold atmospheric plasma treatment vs. plasma activated water for the deactivation of Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 44, 1019\u20131030. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11090-024-10449-9#citeas (2024).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-024-10449-9"},{"key":"36088_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2004.07.020","volume":"144","author":"H-R Duncker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duncker, H-R. Vertebrate lungs: structure, topography and mechanics: A comparative perspective of the progressive integration of respiratory system, locomotor apparatus and ontogenetic development. Respir Physiol. Neurobiol. 144, 111\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2004.07.020 (2004).","journal-title":"Respir Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"36088_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2022.03.001","volume":"54","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. Cold atmospheric plasma delivery for biomedical applications. Mater. Today. 54, 153\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mattod.2022.03.001 (2022).","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"36088_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V110.11.3162.3162","volume":"35","author":"SU Kalghatgi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kalghatgi, S. U. et al. Mechanism of blood coagulation by nonthermal atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 35, 1559\u20131566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.V110.11.3162.3162 (2007).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36088-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36088-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36088-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:37:31Z","timestamp":1781627851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36088-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["36088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-36088-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5038"}}